Transcript Document

Lecture 5c 3 Feb 2014
Atherosclerosis
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Functional foods are only marginally capable of
modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis
relative to nutraceuticals
Are functional foods of any value regarding
prevention or improvement of the atherosclerotic
process?
Class activity
- Factors that limit use of nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Note: none = no studies found in humans
Fish oils
-lower triglycerides-mechanism is controversial
-modest decrease or no impact on cholesterol
and LDLc
-may slightly increase or decrease or have no
impact on HDLc
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Evening primrose oil-most effective at lowering cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic persons
-rise in HDLc only in hypertriglyceridemicsdue to inverse relationship in response
between triglycerides and HDLc
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
-borage oil
-no impact of up to 5.4 g GLA /day
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
-blackcurrant oil-drops triglycerides, LDLc and total
cholesterol and raises HDLc especially in
hyperlipidemics
-normolipidemics there is no effect to date
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
-garlic capsules
-LDLc and cholesterol is lowered modestly
by 10–15 %-allicin fingered though
mechanism is not clear
-atheroma regression
-reduction of oxidation of lipids
-may play a role in reduced platelet
activity since oxidized LDL has
been suggested to more aggressively
increase platelet reactivity- Jialal at
UC-Davis disputes this
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C
-antioxidant principles
-some have suggested atheroma
lessening though this is
controversial
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-fish oils
-reduction of arachidonic acid in platelet
membrane phospholipid
-increased EPA in platelet membrane
phospholipid
-generates thromboxane A3
weakly pro-aggregatory
- generates PGI3 –very antiaggregatory
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-evening primrose oil
-DGLA-generates PGI1
-PGI1-antiaggregatory
evening primrose oil-some show an
increase in aggregation at
higher GLA doses (300
mg/day)
-at lower doses (<300 mg GLA/day)decreased aggregation
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-borage oil- no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day
-5.24 g GLA/day increased
aggregation
-higher doses-hyper-reactivity –
possibly due to formation of
a hydroxy DGLA
-blackcurrant oil-mix of omega 3 and 6
-no impact on aggregation
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-garlic capsules
-lower aggregation in vitro
-problem with in vitro (usually
washed or platelet-rich
plasma)-may not be physiological
-bleeding times are better- Ivy
bleeding time- this is more
physiological
Blood pressure and nutraceuticals
- more elaboration when we get to
hypertension
-fish oils-modest blood pressure lowering
-may be in part due to PGI3
(possibly -no PGI3 human studies
found)
-may also be due to drops in AArelated eicosanoids
NUTRACEUTICALS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
-evening primrose oil
-modest drops (possibly due to PGI1- no
human PGI1 studies found)
-PGE1 related drops in blood pressure
-borage oil-more pronounced drops than
evening primrose oil observed
-blackcurrant oil- most pronounced drops of
the studies done
Nutraceuticals and Blood pressure
-garlic capsules
-lower blood pressure due to increased
nitric oxide-allicin fingered as
cause of increased nitric oxide
Nutraceuticals and Obesity
-olive oil
-may result in weight loss
-mechanism obscure (possibly oleic
acid related)
-fish oils
-none
-evening primrose oil
-one study-no effect
Nutraceuticals and Obesity
-borage oil
-none
-blackcurrant oil
-none
-garlic capsules
-none
Nutraceuticals and Renal Disease
Various Pathogens
-no nutraceuticals yet studied that
specifically alleviate the problems of
infection that are hypothetically linked
to atherosclerosis
Nitric oxide
-garlic capsules- increase in nitric oxide
production that reduces blood
pressure that reduces risk of renal
disease and its progression