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CHEM 1003 THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD, HEALTH AND DRUGS Midterm review Questions Calorie counting A handful of peanuts contains ~15 grams of carb., 4 grams of protein and 8 grams of fat. While watching the Stanley Cup final, you consume 10 handfuls of peanuts, and 1.0 liter (~3 cans) of Labatts “Blue light” (4% alcohol). Assuming all of the calories in the beer come from alcohol, what is your total caloric intake? Assume the density of beer is 1 gram/cm3. Quite a few!! Cheering hard will help burn some off! Bring your calculator to the midterm Recall, carbs and protein are 4 Cal/gram, fat is 9 Cal/gram and alcohol is 7 Cal/gram. From the peanuts: each handful (15+4)x 4=76Cal from carbs and protein. From fat 8x9=72Cal. So 76+72=148 per handful x10= 1480 Cal From the beer, # grams of alcohol in 1 L= .04 x 1000=40, so Calories from alcohol =7X40=280 Total caloric intake= 1480 +280= 1760Calories! Having consumed alcohol, you decide to walk home (wise move!) Assuming you work off 200 Cal per hour walking and it takes you 30 minutes to walk home, what% of your intake have you burned off? Not so much!!!!!!! Fraction burned off =100/1760 or .057 % burned off =.057 x100=5.7% Multiple Choice 1 mark each In hemoglobin, iron is in the following valence state Neutral +2 +3 +4 +6 Probiotic yogurt Often contains Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria Boosts the bacterial content of the large intestine Can act as a booster to the immune system Promotes regularity All of the above The compound given off by ripening fruit is Polyethylene Acetylene Propylene Ethylene Butene Evening Primrose oil and Corn oil are classified as supplements contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids Cost about the same per unit volume Have high glycemic indices Are potent antioxidants Apples, oranges and onions have the following common property They have high vitamin C content They have substantial amounts of soluble fibre They are good for the common cold They are cruciferous They are all grown in Canada Soluble fibre is mainly Cellulose Amylopectin Amylose Pectin Polygalactose The 2nd most abundant element in bones is Calcium Carbon Iron Phosphorus Magnesium The 2 chemicals necessary for photosynthesis are Oxygen and water Oxygen and carbon dioxide Water and carbon dioxide Oxygen and carbon Carbon and hydrogen All steroids are Hydrocarbons Anabolic Natural products Growth hormones Composed of a 6,6,6,5 ring structure The chemical formula of glucose is C12H6O6 C6H12O6 C6H6O12 C6H6O6 C12H22O11 The chemical formula of sucrose is C6H6O12 C12H6O6 C12H22O11 C12H24O11 C6H12O6 The most “heart healthy” way to consume alcohol is Beer White wine Red wine Whisky All of the above Vitamin needed to prevent Scurvy is A B C D E Which vitamin is not fat soluble A E K D All are fat soluble Radiation most likely to cause skin cancer is IR Microwave Visible light Short wavelength UV Long wavelength UV The chemical with the longest history of use as a preservative is Sodium nitrate Ascorbic acid Sodium iodide Sucrose Sodium chloride Nitrites added to processed meats present a specific risk of Botulism Goiter Kidney failure Cancer Cardiovascular disease Sucralose is An aspartame derivative A source 4 Cal per gram A monosaccharide An enzyme that permits metabolism of sucrose Trichlorosucrose A compound whose name ends in –ase is usually A protein A carbohydrate An enzyme An essential amino acid A trace mineral Metabolism of aspartame produces small amounts of Methane Ethanol Ascorbic acid Ethane Methanol Chemically, aspartame is A disaccharide An aspartic acid ethyl ester A polyester of sucrose A dipeptide derivative A Saccharin derivative An element needed for normal functioning of the thyroid gland is Bromine Chlorine Fluorine Iodine astatine A useful description of junk food is that it Appeals to children Is sweet Lacks essential amino acids Provides incomplete protein Provides a large number of calories and only a few micronutrients Too much sodium in the diet is a major cause of Goiter High cholesterol Low LDL levels Diabetes High blood pressure Question #1 Virtually all of the chemical energy that we derive from consumer goods such as gasoline, heating oil and food is stored in their: a)nuclei b)chemical bonds c)protons d)electrons e)ions The compound C2H2 is Ethylene Butene Ethyne Propene Propylene An example of an ester is Glycerol Pentane Methyl ethyl ketone A triglyceride Stearic acid The brain’s exclusive source of energy is Glycogen Sucrose Lactose Maltose Glucose Question #2 For a healthy adult, basal metabolism amounts to: a) about half the daily calorie expenditure b) twice the amount of energy spent in daily exercise c) about one Calorie per kilogram of body weight per hour d) 3500 Calories per day e) about 10% of the calories provided by the food eaten at a meal Question #3 Specific dynamic action is the energy needed to: a) carry out a specific set of moving exercises b) exist for 24 hours under normal conditions with no exercise c) digest and metabolize food d) convert one kilogram of adipose tissue into energy e) maintain life for one hour with neither exercise nor food Question #4 In the Energy Equation, exercise represents: a) all energy expenditure except that lost through basal metabolism b) energy expended in sports c) energy expended in activities designed to maintain good health d) the composite of all energy expended through physical work of any kind e) all energy expenditure beyond the level of 1 Cal per minute Question #5 Of the following statements, the one that is true is: a) one carbohydrate Calorie provides more energy than one protein Calorie b) one Calorie of a fat or an oil provides more energy than one protein Calorie c) one Calorie of a fat or an oil provides more energy than one carbohydrate Calorie d) one carbohydrate Calorie provides move energy than one Calorie of a fat or an oil e) each of these statements is false Question #6 Of the following, the food that has a nutritive value of about 9 Cal/g is: a)corn oil b)table sugar c)protein d)lactose e)starch Question #8 Fats and oils are differentiated from each other on the basis of their: a)melting points b)densities c)optical activities d)glycerol content e)boiling points Question #9 Triglycerides are used in the manufacture of: a)soap b)vitamins c)synthetic detergents d)high-octane gasoline e)enzymes Question #10 Heating a red-orange mixture of a vegetable oil with tincture of iodine causes the disappearance of the colour because: a)the iodine adds to the double bonds of the oil’s side chains b)the vegetable oil undergoes hydrolysis to a soap and glycerol c)the iodine converts the triester to a hydrocarbon d)the oil becomes hydrogenated to a saturated fat e)the iodine converts the oil to a colorless carbohydrate Question #11 On the molecular level, fats are more likely than oils to have: a)much unsaturation and short side-chains b)little unsaturation and short side-chains c)much unsaturation and long side-chains d)little unsaturation and long side chains e)neither unsaturation nor side-chains Question #12 Vegetable oils and fish oils differ from animal fats primarily in that the vegetable and fish oils contain: a)carbon-carbon double bonds b)oxygen atoms c)glycerol units d)nitrogen atoms e)peptide bonds Question #13 Cholesterol is a: a)fully saturated triglyceride b)highly unsaturated triglyceride c)fatty acid d)steroidal alcohol e)drying oil Question #14 Cholesterol does not occur in: a)butter b)beef fat c)lard d)coconut oil e)human fat Question #15 The animal body stores its excess energy largely as: a)carbohydrates b)cellobiose c)glyceryl triesters d)proteins e)polysaccharides Question #16 An example of a disaccharide is: a)sucrose b)galactose c)dextrose d)D-glyceraldehyde e)fructose Question #17 The name carbohydrate reflects: a) the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the molecule b) the ratio of carbonyl groups to total carbon content c) the combined rations of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen d) the ratio of carbon to oxygen e) the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen Question #18 A substance is optically active if it: a)produces polarized light b)absorbs polarized light c)rotates the plane of polarize light d)converts polarized light into unpolarized light e)converts unpolarized light into polarized light Question #19 Glucose is also known as dextrose because glucose: a)was discovered by James Dexter b)is an aldohexose c)rotates plane polarized light in a clockwise direction d)is made up of molecules shaped like a right hand e)was first observed in a microorganism of the dextronia family Question #20 To be chiral, a carbon atom must be: a) part of a carbohydrate molecule b) bonded to a carbonyl group c) bonded to four different atoms or groups d) bonded to an –OH group e) bonded to at least two other groups Question #21 Invert sugar is another name for: a)glucose b)fructose c)galactose d)maltose e)a mixture of equal amounts of glucose and fructose Question #22 Potato starch is a nutrient while lettuce is a low-calorie roughage because: a)humans lack cellobiase b)starch is composed largely of glucose units while lettuce is composed largely of galactose units c)the monosaccharide units of starch are joined to each other through glycosidic links while those of lettuce are joined through ester links d)humans cannot digest and metabolize galactose e)potatoes are generally cooked while lettuce is eaten raw Question #24 The component common to all dietary roughage and fiber is: a)complete protein b)essential amino acids c)nonessential amino acids d)polyunsaturated triglycerides e)indigestible carbohydrate Question #25 Lactase is: a)the trade name for an artificial sweetener b)a disaccharide made up of galactose and glucose c)the enzyme that aids in the digestion of milk sugar d)another name for invert sugar e)an aldotriose Question #26 The carbohydrate among the following that does not provide the body with 4 Calories per gram is: a)sucrose b)starch c)fructose d)cellulose e)galactose Question #27 The number of different amino acids that combine to form human protein is generally recognized as: a)10 b)20 c)35 d)45 e)60 Question #28 Amino acids show unusual chemical behaviour especially because they: a)contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen b)contain the amide functional group c)are chiral d)are all found in living organisms e)contain both an acidic and a basic functional group on the same molecule Question #30 For most of us, our principal contact with amines in consumer products comes through: a)fragrances used in the manufacture of soaps and synthetic detergents b)headache remedies c)wrapping material used for frozen foods d)artificial food colourings e)the odour of fresh seafood Question #31 For humans, the number of essential amino acids is about: a)5 b)10 c)15 d)20 e)25 Question #32 High quality protein is protein that: a) contains all the amino acids found in human protein b) contains all known amino acids c) contains all the essential amino acids in the same sequence as they are found in human protein d) contains all the essential amino acids in about the same ratio as they occur in human protein e) contains all the essential amino acids and none of the nonessential amino acids Question #33 Eggs are a particularly rich source of: a)carbohydrates b)high quality protein c)triglycerides d)micronutrients e)polyunsaturated acids Question #34 Eggs might be considered a perfect food except for their considerable content of: a)protein b)triglycerides c)sodium d)fatty acids e)cholesterol Question #35 The peptide link of proteins is identical with the chemical group known as the: a)aldehydes b)amide c)carboxylic acid d)ester e)ketone Question #36 The number of different tripeptides that can be formed from three different amino acids with each tripeptide containing each of the three amino acids is: a)2 b)4 c)6 d)8 e)10 Question #37 The primary structure of a protein refers to: a) its location or origin in a plant or animal body b) the sequence of the amino acids that form it c) the number of individual amino acids that it contains d) its function in any biological system e) the part of the protein first biosynthesized Question #38 The conversion of the secondary structure of a protein into another secondary structure of less importance or smaller activity is known as: a)inhibition b)denaturation c)hydrolysis d)depeptidization e)deprotonization Question #39 Isotopes do not have the same: a) atomic number b) number of electron shells c) number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus d) number of protons in the atomic nucleus e) number of electrons Question #40 Percentage concentration often refers to: a) moles of solute per litre of solvent b) grams of solute per 100 g of solution c) moles of solute per 100 millilitres of solution d) grams of solute per litre of solution e) milligrams of solute per litre of solution Question #41 Sodium chloride acts as an electrolyte because sodium chloride: a)is soluble in water b)produces ions when it dissolves in water c)is held together by covalent bonds d)is a crystalline solid e)is a colorless solid Question #43 The nucleus of an atom may contain: a)protons and electrons b)neutrons and electrons c)protons and neutrons d)protons, neutrons and electrons e)only protons Question #44 The molecular formula of an alkane that exists as two and only two isomers is: a)C2H6 b)C3H8 c)C4H10 d)C5H12 e)C6H14 Question #46 The strength of an ionic bond comes principally from: a) the mutual attraction of opposite electrical charges b) the conversion of atoms into compounds c) the conversion of compounds into atoms d) the conversion of atoms into ions e) the movement of electrons from cations to anions Question #47 The total number of shared electrons in a carbon-carbon double bond is: a)2 b)3 c) 4 d)5 e)6 Question #48 The easiest way to obtain a mole of any chemical is to: a)count out the correct number of chemical particles of that substance, one by one b)obtain exactly one gram of the substance c)obtain the atomic number or molecular weight of the substance, measured in atomic mass units d)obtain the atomic or molecular weight of the substance in grams e)obtain one atom or one molecule of the substance Question #50 In the reaction C + 2H2 CH4, one mole of carbon atoms reacts with exactly: a)one mole of hydrogen molecules b)two moles of hydrogen molecules c)one g of hydrogen molecules d)two g of hydrogen molecules e)6.02 x 1023 hydrogen molecules Question #51 An alkane is defined by: a)its reaction with sodium b)its molecular formula c)the products it produces on combustion d)its origin in petroleum e)its physical properties Question #53 One mole of water (H2O) and one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2): a)have the same weight in grams b)contain the same number of oxygen atoms c)contain the same weight of oxygen atoms d)contain the same number of molecules e)contain the same number of carbon atoms Question #54 The function of lipoproteins in blood serum is to: a)aid in clotting b)transport cholesterol c)maintain pH d)remove defective red blood cells e)All of the above Question #55 Liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid shortening by chemical addition of: a)bromine b)iodine c)water d)hydrogen e)sodium hydroxide Question #56 The Mo-99 isotope is made from the Mo-98 isotope by a process of: a)radioactive decay b)neutron activation c)electron bombardment d)addition of a proton e)gamma radiation Question #58 The coldest substance on the planet is: a)dry ice b)liquid helium c)supercooled water d)liquid air e)liquid oxygen Question #59 Charles law relates: a) the volume of a gas and its pressure b) the number of moles of a gas and its volume c) the ratios of combining gases in a reaction d) the volume of a gas and its absolute temperature e) all of the above Question #60 The ease of combustion of snack foods such as potato chips is primarily due to: a)their fat content b)their salt content c)their carbohydrate content d)their protein content e)all of the above Question #61 A 341 mL can of Classic coke contains approximately how many grams of sugar? a)100 b)28 c)34 d)10 e)42 Question #62 Lecithin acts as a potent emulsifying agent because: a)it is highly soluble in water b)it has both polar and nonpolar components in its molecular structure c)it is a fat d)it does not readily react with fats or water e)it is a protein Question #63 Consider a molecule “X” with 5 non identical chiral centres. The total number of possible optical isomers for “X” is: a)8 b)16 c)32 d)128 e)256 Question #64 For a healthy balanced diet, the following % of calories from each of the macronutrients is recommended a)33.3 % fat, 33.3% protein, 33.3% carbohydrate b)10% fat, 30% protein, 60% carbohydrate c)30% fat, 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate d)20% fat, 30% protein, 50% carbohydrate e)40% fat, 20%protein, 40% carbohydrate Question #66 The Atkins diet advocates: a)low protein consumption b)high carbohydrate consumption c)low carbohydrate consumption d)calcium supplements e)low calorie consumption Question #68 The most abundant organic molecule on Earth is: a)glucose b)water c)cellulose d)methane e)carbon dioxide Question #69 Type II diabetes: a)always requires insulin treatment b)never requires insulin c)can often be controlled by weight loss and reduced sugar intake d)occurs only in mature adults e)causes uncontrolled lipolysis of fat Question #70 The main challenge of vegetarian diets is: a) to get enough calories b) to get enough carbohydrates c) to get enough fibre d) to get enough high quality protein e) to get enough omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids True or False 1 mark each T/F The solute is the major part of a solution T/F Consumption of whisky helps keep the body warm T/F Only protons and electrons are found in the nucleus of an atom T/F Cholesterol is essential for human health T/F Organic aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl group T/F In diabetics, blood sugar levels are too low T/F Saturated fats have a higher caloric value than unsaturated fats T/F All bacteria are dangerous to humans T/F Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) has been somewhat successful in treating Parkinson’s disease T/F: Question #72 The atomic weight of an element represents the weighted average of the masses of all its isotopes. T/F: Question #73 Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same number of outer shell electrons. T/F: Question #74 All elements listed in the periodic table are found naturally. T/F: Question #75 All of the noble gases such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe are completely unreactive. T/F: Question #76 Ionically bonded compounds tend to have higher melting points than do covalently bonded ones. T/F: Question #77 Trans fats can be completely eliminated from our diet with proper precaution. T/F: Question #79 Both D- and L- amino acids occur widely in nature. T/F: Question #80 All molecules are compounds. T/F Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the basic “energy currency” of the human body Structure Identification 10 marks, 1 mark each Structure Identification Short Answer 10 marks Short Answer: Question #1 The half life of the Tc-99 isotope used in diagnostic medical imaging is 6 hours. If a patient is injected with 200 mg of this isotope, what quantity will remain after 18 hours? (4 marks) After 1 half life (6 hr) : 200x.5=100mg After 2 half lives (12hr) 100x.5=50mg After 3 half lives (18) hr 50x.5=25 mg Short Answer: Question #2 A new brand of luncheon meat is advertised as being 82% fat free. One hundred grams of this meat provides 300 Calories of nutritional value. (6 marks total) i)What weight of fat is in 100 grams? (1mark) 18 grams ii)How many Calories from this fat? (2 marks) 18 x9= 162 iii)Assuming that protein is the only other macronutrient present, how much protein is present in 100 grams of this meat? (2 marks): 138 Calories left. Since protein supplies 4 Cal/gr, amount of protein =138/4= 34.5 gr iv)What material accounts for the remaining weight of the meat? (1 mark) Water End of review questions for midterm exam Summer 2009 Identifying structures by components Phenol Bisphenol A Phenyl alanine More phenolics Acetaminophen Ibuprophen (ibuprofen) Even more phenyls……….. PBDE (polybromodiphenyl ether) Compounds with the acetyl group Acetylcholine Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or aspirin) acetaminophen Beta phenyethylamines (CNS active) Some examples Methamphetamine and its precursor The steroid skeleton (6,6,6,5 ring) Estrone (a ketone) Estradiol (2 OH’s) More steroids Cholesterol (an alcohol) Testosterone (a ketone in Ring A) The opiate skeleton Oxycodone (a ketone) Morphine Heroin? Glycerol and glycerides Glycerol Glycerol monostearate Define the following terms OTC : over the counter NSAID’s: non steroidal antiinflammatory drug CNS:Central nervous system GRAS:Generally regarded as safe BMI:Body Mass Index LD50. Lethal dose to 50% of a population Connect the short form with its connotation/ application DDT AZT PCB HGH PNAH effective vs. malaria an anti-AIDs drug used in transformer oil promotes growth 1st known carcinogens Match the following (1 extra!) Amphetamine Prozac Erythromycin Valium ibuprofen Estrone stimulant antidepressant antibiotic tranquilizer sex hormone Associate each with claimed benefit Ginko biloba Echinacea Aloe Cranberry St John’s Wort improves blood flow immune system skin conditioner urinary tract antidepressant Connect Nobel winners with discovery Paul Erlich the first antibiotic Marie Curie Discovery of radioactivity Willard Libby 14C dating Elie Metchnikoff probiotic bacteria Alexander Fleming penicillin Watson and Crick Barry Sharpless DNA double helix Synthesis of chiral molecules Fritz Haber chemical synthesis of ammonia The LD50 of caffeine in mice is 0.13g/kg Assuming the same toxicity in humans, how many cups of Starbucks Special Cappucino (195 mg caffeine/cup) would be needed for a 50% fatality risk in a 70 kg human? For a 70 kg person, need 70 x.13 gr= 9.1 grams Thus, # of cups needed= 9.1/.195 ~45 cups The acidity of colas is caused by phosphoric acid If the pH of cola is 3.0, how many moles of phosphoric acid are in a 2.0L bottle? Tough question! If pH is 3, then [H=] =10-3 or .001mole/L Thus, in 2 L bottle, would have 2 x .001 or .002 moles of H+. Could also write it as 2 x 10-3. Recall, pH= -log10 [H+]