Transcript Anatomy & physiology

Matter: anything that
takes up space &
has mass
Energy: ability to do
work (effects
matter)
ENERGY
Kinetic energy:
energy of motion
Potential energy:
stored (inactive)
energy
Electrical energy:
movement of
charged particles
Chemical energy: energy
of bonds (stored
within molecules)
Mechanical energy:
energy used to move
Radiant energy:
electromagnetic
energy (x-rays, heat,
light)
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
All matter is composed of elements.
Each element is composed of the same atoms.
Atoms have:
 Protons (p+): positive charge
 Neutrons (n): neutral
 Electrons (e-): negative charge
The most abundant elements in the human body are (in
order): Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and
Nitrogen (N)
Molecules: 2 or more
identical atoms
chemically
combined
Compound: 2 or more
different atoms
chemically
combined
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT BONDS
IONIC BONDS
Electrons are shared
(either equally or not
equally)
Electrons are
transferred between
atoms (one atom
gives e-, the other
receives e-)
Ex: H2, O2 or C6H12O6
(glucose)
Ex: salts like NaCl
(sodium chloride)
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/02_06_stable_arrangement.jpg
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
Hydrogen bonds: a
bond between a
hydrogen of one
compound to a
nitrogen or oxygen
of another
compound.
TWO different
compounds are
involved!
Ex: 2 water
molecules
http://www.google.com/imgres?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
SYNTHESIS:
DECOMPOSITION:
Anabolic; to make or
create; to build up;
these reactions
make chemical
bonds
Catabolic; to break
down or decompose;
these reactions
break chemical
bonds.
Require energy
Release energy
A + B  AB
AB  A +
B
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
EXCHANGE:
REVERSIBLE:
Both synthesis &
decomposition;
parts of 2
compounds switch
(exchange) places.
Reactions that can go
in both directions.
AB + CD  AC + BD
A + B ↔ AB
BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIVING MATTER
INORGANIC:
ORGANIC:
 Molecules that lack
C (except CO and
CO2)
 Molecules that
contain C (& usually
H & O)
 Include: salts, water,
CO2, and many acids
& bases
 Include:
carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, &
nucleic acids
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Water: most abundant inorganic compound in the body.
Important b/c
• Maintains body temperature (has high heat capacity )
• Dissolves many substances (solvent of life)
• Most chemical reactions occur in water (chemical
reactivity)
• Water protects and cushions (CSF, fetus)
Salts: ionic compounds ; are electrolytes. Important b/c
• Transport substances in and out of cell
• Conduct nerve & muscle impulses
ACIDS AND BASES
When electrolytes release more H+ (ions) than OH- (ions),
the resulting solution is an acid while more OH- than H+,
it is a base.
Acidity is measured based on the concentration ([ ]) of H+
and OH-. These are inversely proportionate: increased
[H+]=decreased [OH-].
The measurement is a scale called the pH scale. It ranges
from 0-14, with 7 being neutral (water). The scale:
Acids= high [H+], low [OH-], 0-6= acidic Ex: HCl
Bases= low [H+], high [OH-], 8-14=basic or alkaline Ex: NaOH
Neutral= [H+]=[OH-], 7, water
Buffers: maintain the stability of acids-bases within the
body. by taking up excess H+ or OH-.
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ategory/fruit_superior.jpg
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/cell20me
mbrane.jpg
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CARBOHYDRATES
• Contain C, H, & O in a fixed ratio (2 H for every 1 C
and 1 O).
• Known as sugars
• Three categories:
Monosaccharides are simple sugars (1 sugar: glucose
(C6H12O6) a.k.a. blood sugar, fructose & galactose
Disaccharides are double sugars: sucrose (table sugar),
lactose (milk sugar) & maltose (malt sugar)
Polysaccharides are many sugars: starch and glycogen
LIPIDS
• Contain C, H, & O but not in a fixed ratio.
• Do NOT dissolve in H2O; but dissolve (soluble) in ether and
chloroform
Fats (most common lipids) store energy (supply more than
carbs gram for gram); ex: triglyceride (3 fatty acids & 1
glycerol)
 can be saturated or unsaturated
Phospholipids are major constituent of cell membranes;
contain 2 parts: hydrophilic (meaning water loving or H2O
soluble) and hydrophobic (meaning water fearing or
insoluble in H2O).
Steroids: simplest & most important is cholesterol (found in all
body cells and used to synthesize hormones & other
steroids).
PROTEINS
• Composed of amino
acids; contain C, H,
O, N & sometimes S
• Provide structural
materials, energy
sources, hormones,
& enzymes in which
their structure
determines their fcn.
• Most have a 3D
shape that can be
denatured, or
destroyed, easily by
high temperatures,
pH, radiation, or
electricity.
Glycoproteins are
proteins w/ carbs,
on cells, act as
receptors for
chemical messages
& recognition.
Antibodies protect
against foreign
bodies (invaders).
Enzymes are catalysts
in chemical rxns but
are not part of the
rxns (not
consumed).
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
• large and complex molecules that contain C, H, N, O
and P
• Composed of nucleotides (building blocks).
• Nucleotides contain: a 5-C sugar (called a pentose), a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine,
cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil)
2 groups:
1. RNA (ribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose; single
stranded molecule
2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): sugar is a ribose
without an O; double stranded molecule; molecular
code of life
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif
This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.