Transcript Lysbilde 1
Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson Dr. Torbjørn Åsgård Director of research [email protected] www.nofima.no Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global production of seafood* Aquaculture, China Aquaculture, World excluding China Wildcatch, China Wildcatch, World excluding China Part used for food, World Source: FAO Global production in aquacultutre Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth The aquaculture business* has several segments, with intensive farming growing in relative importance Ex farm sales main species 2004 Ex farm sales main species 2009 13 % 14 % 37 % 21 % 21 % 45 % Intensive finfish farming Extensive finfish farming Shrimp farming Shellfish farming (oysters, etc) 28 % 21 % € 38 billion € 48 billion Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions * Excluding Algea and Seaweed Source: Nofima, FAO; Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to more intensive Intensive Aquaculture Fish production* 1400000 Tilapia Sales to US** 1200000 Atlantic cod Gilthead seabream MT 1000000 European seabass Sea trout 800000 Coho (silver) salmon Chinook (King) salmon Atlantic Salmon 600000 400000 200000 * In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO ** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 0 Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.) Expected developments in main aquaculture species Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO) Quantity in million tonnes Freshwater fishes 24 Aquatic plats 14 Molluscs 13 Crustaceans 4 Diadromous fish 3 Marine fish 1.5 Value in billion USD Freshwater fishes Aquatic plats Molluscs Crustaceans Diadromous fish Marine fish 25 7 10 14 8 5 2009 Fish from aquaculture and consume fisheries equal in quantity Production of salmon in Norway Production of marine species in Norway Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (2006) • • Latvia – Common carp: 92% – Gold fish: 3% – Sturgeon: 2% – Nothern pike: 2% – Rainbow trout: 1% Estonia – Rainbow trout: 75% – Common carp: 11% – Sturgeon: 8% – European eel: 6% • Lithuania – Common carp: 95% – Rainbow trout: 3% – Gold fish: 1% – Nothern pike: 1% • Poland – Rainbow trout: 51% – Common carp: 47% – Sturgeons: 1% – Catfish: 1% From 1973 From 1971 Species to start with and where to start ? – – – – – – – – – Salmon Rainbow trout Fresh water trout Sea Trout Arctic char Crossings Marine species Fresh water species Warm water species What has changed in Norway? Salmon vs honey Independent industry vs addition to fishing or farming Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast developments To day: large units – cooperation and competition Cooperation: industry – research institutions – public administration To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat from all traditional domestic animals together Research through the value chain Fish feed Brood stock and eggs Fresh water phase Sea water phase Slaughter and processing Raw material Efficiency, quality and food safety Market and consumer From basic research to application Contract research • • Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year Private funding (often included public incentives) Research projects with industry participation • • Long term projects – 1-3 years Public/private funding Basic competence building and research • • Long term projects – 3-10 years Public funded Nofima’s major research areas within aquaculture: – Genetics and selective breeding – Nutrition and feed development – Knowledge about raw materials – Fish welfare – Disease prevention – Sustainable production – Processing and product development – Marine Biotechnology Breeding and genetics • More than 30 years of experience from applied genetic research in aquaculture species • The research activity of the institute is conducted in close collaboration with the aquaculture sector, securing rapid implementation of important results. • Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11 species worldwide – Increased growth rate – Increased feed conversion ratio – Increased disease resistance Produductivity 1940 Productivity, % (Ref. 1940) Broiler 300 Cow Pig 200 Salmon Tilapia 100 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991 Significantly shorter production cycle 1975 2000 2005 Smolt 16 8 8 Growout 40 20 16 Total 56 28 24 15% increase per generation Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon Selected (5G) vs. Wild S - W, % Growth +113 Feed consumption +40 Protein retention +9 Energy retention +14 FCR, feed/gain -20 Thodesen et. al., 1999 Nofima Marin presentasjon Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia GIFT tilapia with 90% faster growth (5 gens) Higher survival rates Three fish crops per year (vs 2) Lead to higher productivity, profit and yield potential. UNDP, ADB Phillipines Institutes and Universities Has had large impact on overall fish production in Asia & Latin America The cost of producing salmon % 60 Fingerling 50 Feed 40 Insurance 30 Salary 20 Depreciation 10 Other running costs Financial cost 0 Type of cost Salmon farming in Norway 2003 Changes in composition of salmon feed 100 90 Content, % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 72 75 80 85 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Protein Carbohydrate Lipid SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY: Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices) Euros/kg 2,5 IMPORTANT FACTORS: • Dry feed 2 • High energy diets – Reduced FCR • Replacement of fish meal and oil – Reduced feed price • Feed management – Reduced FCR 1,5 1 0,5 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Feed conversion Kg feed/ kg fish produced Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Norwegian Salmon farming 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Feed development for many species internationally • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cod Salmon Rainbow trout Arctic char Striped bass Sturgeon Tilapia Sea urchins King crab Lobster Shrimp Oysters Scallops Sole Halibut Production related disorders - deformities Septum defect Deformed head Deformities % 12 Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g 10 Chasing deformity genes Nofima has found a link between temperature and heart deformities: — We have found the gene that codes for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart development negatively 8 6 4 — Expression of this gene is controlled by temperature during embryogenic development 2 0 8 oC 10 oC Stable temperatures incubation temperature for eggs were immediately adjusted by the industry High temperature gives increased production of ANP, which supresses the development of the heart 60 000 600 000 50 000 400 000 30 000 300 000 20 000 200 000 10 000 100 000 0 0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 Slaktet laks og ørret Forbruk 2002 Antibiotika 40 000 (kg aktivt stoff) 500 000 (tonn rund vekt) Slaktet kvantum 700 000 Feed and nutrition Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture Pigmentation Preventive health Feedstuffs, feed formulation, Protein, amino acids, feed technology, feeding metabolism Nofima – an important player in international aquaculture R&D • We have had aquaculture projects in more than 25 countries around the world • Nofima will increase its international focus through projects and by establishing subunits in selected countries (First Chile, then Asia?) Thank you! [email protected] www.nofima.no