Transcript AP BIO Review

AP BIO Review
http://www.angelfire.com/ga/sweetgeorgiapeach1/grandmom.html
Name the
essential element
that becomes
part of the
chlorophyll molecule
Mg-Magnesium
What role do nitrogen fixing
bacteria play in the nitrogen
cycle?
Convert atmospheric nitrogen
into ammonia (NH3)
?
Name the 4 groups of plants you learned about
Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts)
Seedless Vascular plants (ferns)
Gynmosperms (naked seed)
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
The idea that no two species can share the same
Exclusion Principle
niche is called theCompetitive
________________________
Nephridia, flame cells, and Malphighian tubules
function in which body system?
excretory
Name the plant hormone that results in the
Triple Response when growing plants encounter
an obstacle
ethylene
The involuntary muscles that cause wave like
contractions to push food through the digestive
smooth
system are _________
muscles.
cardiac
striated
smooth
American Bald eagles became endangered when
the pesticide DDT concentrated in their bodies
causing them to lay eggs with low calcium levels.
This concentration of a toxin in greater amounts
at upper levels as it moves through a food chain
Biological magnification
is called ___________________
XYLEM
In vascular plants, the ___________
conveys
water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
to shoots.
phloem
xylem
Write the 2 equations need to solve
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium problems
p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1
p+q=1
If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of
sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will
be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous?
9% =.09 = ss = q2
q = Square root of .09 = .3
p = 1 - .3 = .7
2pq = 2 (.7 x .3) = .42
42% of the population are heterozyotes (carriers)
Companion cells help load sugars
___________
into sieve-tube members.
Name the animal phylum that includes the
ONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROTOMES.
Echinodermata (Echnioderms)
Which of the following bonding combinations is
always found in a DNA molecule?
Pyrimidine-pyrimidine
Purine-pyrimidine
→
Purine-purine
translation
Protein synthesis is also called ___________
Epistasis is when a gene at one locus
_________
alters the phenotypic expression of a gene
at another locus.
Name a genetic disorder you learned about
caused by nondisjunction
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Triple X syndrome
Name the conditions that must be met for
a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
No mutation
No natural selection
No movement in or out
Random mating
Large population
Name the macromolecule formed by dehydration
synthesis of amino acid monomers
protein
Tell the number of chromosomes in a
human egg cell. 23
2 chambered heart and a
Fish have a ___
1 loop circulatory system.
___
(Add a number to each blank)
Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?
→
Striated
smooth
cardiac
Describe several characteristics of mitochondia and
chloroplasts that support the Endosymbiotic theory
• Contain DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus and that is
similar to that of bacteria (in being circular and in its size).
• Surrounded by two or more membranes, and the innermost membrane
shows composition like that of a prokaryotic cell membrane.
• Form only through a process similar to binary fission.
• Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of plastids, for instance
the presence of thylakoids and particular chlorophylls, is very similar to
that of cyanobacteria.
• Organelle ribosomes are like those found in bacteria (70s).
• Organelle proteins, like those of bacteria, use N-formylmethionine as the
initiating amino acid
Producers
(autotrophs) are found in the FIRST
_________________
TROPHIC level of all food chains
Name the plant polysaccharide made with
α-glucose monomers joined with 1-4 linkages
Starch
(amylose &
amylopectin)
http://www.sciencecollege.co.uk/SC/biochemicals/starch.jpg
Name some types of passive transport you
learned about
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels,
osmosis, aquaporins,
Name the polysaccharide made with β-glucose
monomers joined with 1-4 linkages
Cellulose
http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/Images/Cell.GIF
Name the following functional groups
Carbonyl
(aldehyde)
carboxyl
Carbonyl
(ketone)
amino
Hydroxyl
sulfhydryl
phosphate
Name this subunit
Amino acid
Joining these together will make which
macromolecule?
protein
Name the organelle which modifies and packages
molecules for transport.
Golgi apparatus
Match the coelom with the correct worm Phylum
ACOELOM
Playtehelminthes
(flatworms)
Pseudocoelom
Nematoda
(round worms)
Eucoelom
Annelida
(segmented worms)
http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg
Lichens are the result of a symbiotic relationship
between a fungus and algae. The fungal partner
benefits by getting sugars, produced by the
algae during photosythesis.The algal partner gets
protection against the weather as the fungi
normally forms the outer surface.
mutualism
This is an example of ____________
Birds and mammals have a
___
4 chambered heart and
a ___
2 loop circulatory system.
(Add a number to each blank)
Why does spermatogenesis produce 4 haploid
cells, but oogenesis produces only one?
Concentrates all nutrients and cell components
into “one good egg” for the greatest chance of
success for the new zygote
Amphibians and most reptiles have a
___
3 chambered heart and
a ___
2 loop circulatory system.
(Add a number to each blank)
Give an example of an amniote
Reptiles, birds, mammals
Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female,
are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In
humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds
the fetus.
Organisms that thrive in very hot environments
thermophiles and would be placed
are called ____________
ARCHAEA
in the Domain ______________
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused
by a single substitution in the genetic code
for hemoglobin which causes a change in the
shape of red blood cells in low oxygen conditions
Sickle cell anemia
Persons who are heterozygous for the above
disorder have increased resistance to this
disease caused by a parasitic protozoan.
malaria
Organisms are placed into DOMAINS based
on which characteristic?
Ribosomal RNA
α-helix and β-pleated sheet are examples of
secondary structures of proteins.
___________
primary
secondary
tertiary
Add your ? here
Add your ? here
quaternary
Name the protein molecule that assists in
the folding of other proteins
chaparonin
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece
Tell the place where H+ ions build up as
electrons pass down the electron transport
chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration
Intermembrane space
Hemoglobin molecule is composed of two
α and two β protein chains. This is an example
quaternary
of ____________
protein structure.
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Tell where this molecule
might be found and give
its function
Found in red blood cells
Carries oxygen
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:
Cellular
Respiration
Where does energy
come from?
Where do H+ ions
build up?
Final ETC electron
acceptor ?
Location of ETC ?
In plants ?
In animals ?
Glucose
Intermembrane
space
Oxygen
Cristae
In plants and
animals
Photosynthesis
SUNLIGHT
Thylakoid space
NADPH
Thylakoid
membrane
Only in plants
Name the three kinds of nitrogen waste
excreted by animals
Ammonia, urea, uric acid
Which of these is excreted by most aquatic
organisms?
ammonia
Which of these is excreted by reptiles & birds?
Uric acid
Name the protein hormone that causes
liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen
insulin
beta cells
This hormone is produced by the _____
found in the islets of _____________
Langerhans
pancreas
in the ______________
Name the disorder caused by a deficiency of
this hormone or a decreased response in target
tissues.
Diabetes mellitus
Tell whether the following carry highly
oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
right atrium deoxygenated
left atrium Highly oxygenated
right ventricle deoxygenated
left ventricle Highly oxygenated
pulmonary artery deoxygenated
pulmonary vein
highly oxygenated
During replication which strand is synthesized
in pieces?
Lagging strand
Name these pieces
Okazai fragments
Which enzyme joins the fragments together ?
DNA ligase
This cell is in a(n) ______
hypo
tonic solution
What will happen to this animal cell?
It will swell and burst
It will shrink
It will swell and burst
This process is called
cytolysis
________________
It will same the same size
Which of the following would probably be
a response(s) to a drop in body temperature?
Vasodilation of capillaries in skin
→ Constriction of capillaries in skin
→ Erection of hairs/fur on skin
Increased sweating
→ Nonshivering thermogenesis
→ Shivering
COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:
PROTOSTOMES
Blastopore
becomes ?
Type of
cleavage
Animal groups
seen in?
Mouth
DEUTEROSTOMES
Anus
Determinate
spiral
Indeterminate
radial
All
triploblastic
invertebrates
except
echinoderms
Vertebrates
plus echinoderms
Tell the body part responsible for the following:
Thermoregulation
hypothalmus
Chyme is mixed with
pancreatic enzymes
Produces bile
Stores bile
Duodenum
(small intestine)
liver
Gall bladder
Monitors CO2 concentration
in blood
Medulla
oblongata
Tell the body part responsible for the following:
Contains alveoli
lungs
Processes toxins
liver
Activates pepsinogen
oogenesis
stomach
ovary
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
deoxygenated
highly oxygenated
This cell is in a(n) ______
iso
tonic solution
What will happen to this cell?
Stay the same size
It will shrink
It will swell and burst
It will same the same size
Activation of pepsinogen is an example of
______________
feedback because once some
POSITIVE
pepsinogen molecules are activated by acid in the
stomach to pepsin, activation occurs at an
increasingly rapid rate because pepsin can
activate additional molecules of pepsinogen.
Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries
_________
This part is a muscle cell releases Ca++ when the
cell receives the stimulus to contract.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name the neurotransmitter released into the
synaptic cleft when a nerve signal is transmitted
acetylcholine
The rise in levels of which ion through voltage
gated channels causes the fusion of vesicles and
the release of the neurotransmitter above.
Ca++
Describe some of the post transcriptional modifications
on eukaryotic DNA prior to leaving the nucleus
Removal of introns/joining of exons
Poly A tail added
5’ guanine cap added
UBIQUITIN is a molecular tag added to
____________
proteins that marks them for degradation
by proteosomes
Name the complex that recognizes slice sites,
removesintrons, and combines exons during
mRNA processing ?
spliceosomes
RNA molecules that function as enzymes
ribozymes
are called ___________
During replication, which strand is synthesized
continuously?
Leading strand
Name the enzyme whose function is to:
Attaches the correct amino Amino acyl
t-RNA synthase
acid to a tRNA
Starts a DNA strand
by putting in a short
stretch of RNA
primase
Adds protective ends
onto DNA to prevent loss
of the message when its
copied
telomerase
DNA replication can be described as
Semi-conservative
____________________
Dispersive
conservative
semi-conservative
Name 3 ways bacterial DNA can be changed
in nature.
Transformation
conjugation (bacterial sex)
transduction
Bacterial “sex” is also called
conjugation
___________________
Small circular self replicating DNA separate
from the bacterial chromosome that often
carry genes for antibiotic resistance are
plasmids
called ____________
Name the molecule in the cell walls of most
Prokaryotes but missing in archaeans.
peptidoglycan
Tell some differences between the following:
MONOCOTS
One cotyledon
Veins parallel
Vascular tissue scattered
Fibrous roots
Pollen grain w/1 opening
Flower parts in
multiples of 3
EUDICOTS
Two cotyledons
Veins netlike
Vascular tissue in ring
Taproot (main root)
Pollen grain w/3 openings
Flower parts in multiples
multiples of 4 or 5
Which of the following is found in all triploblastic
animals other than worms?
Eucoelom OR true coelom
http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg
This cell is in a(n) ______
hyper tonic solution
What will happen to this cell?
It will shrink
It will shrink
It will swell and burst
It will same the same size
In an animal cell, this process is called
crenation
________________
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