Transcript Document

What is the primary role of the TCA cycle in
the production of ATP?
a. break down glucose
b. create hydrogen gradient
c. phosphorylate ADP
d. transfer electrons from substrates to
coenzymes
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What is the electron transport system’s role in
the generation of ATP?
a. It creates a steep concentration gradient
across the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
b. It manufactures 36 ATP.
c. It facilitates formation of coenzymes.
d. It prevents substrate-level
phosphorylation.
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How does a decrease in the level of
cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in
mitochondria?
a. ATP production increases.
b. ATP production decreases.
c. Pyruvic acid supplies increase.
d. Unused glucose molecules allow for
production of ATP through other
mechanisms.
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NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal
muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP
molecules in mitochondria, but NADH
produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle
cells leads to production of three ATP
molecules. Why?
a. different systems
b. different pH
c. different intermediaries
d. more efficient enzymes in
cardiac muscle
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Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most
important mechanism for generating ATP?
a. It requires less energy than other
mechanisms.
b. It requires fewer steps to produce ATP
molecules.
c. It produces more than 90% of ATP used
by body cells.
d. It allows the release of a tremendous
amount of energy.
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What contributes to the increased amount of
urea in blood during the postabsorptive state?
a. protein digestion
b. lipolysis
c. glycolysis
d. glycogenesis
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What consequence(s) is (are) the result of a
dietary deficiency of one or more essential
amino acids?
a. Protein deficiency disease occurs.
b. The body produces the missing amino
acids by amination.
c. Protein synthesis comes to a halt.
d. Both A and C are correct.
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Why are proteins an impractical source of
quick energy, a “last ditch” source of energy?
a. Proteins are more difficult to break apart
than are carbohydrates or lipids.
b. NH4, a by-product of protein catabolism,
is toxic.
c. Protein catabolism threatens
homeostasis.
d. All of the above are correct.
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Why do athletes in intensive training try to
maintain a positive nitrogen balance?
a. They must excrete more N than they take
in.
b. They must keep the amount of N absorbed
in balance with what is lost in urine and
feces.
c. They actively synthesize N compounds, so
must absorb more than they secrete.
d. None of the above are correct.
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Why does a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine
(vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism?
a. B6 deficiency sets up a cascade of events
leading to premature breakdown of
lipases.
b. The first step in amino acid catabolism
requires a coenzyme derivative of B6.
c. B6 deficiency is critical to later steps of
amino acid catabolism.
d. Pyridoxine is not involved in protein
metabolism.
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Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
considered beneficial?
a. They increase lipid metabolism.
b. They decrease blood pressure.
c. They increase blood pH.
d. They reduce fat and cholesterol in the
bloodstream.
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Why is catabolism of dietary carbohydrates
and proteins considered “not as productive”
as catabolism of lipids?
a. In lipids, many carbon and hydrogen
atoms are already bound to oxygen.
b. Digestion of dietary protein creates toxins.
c. Lipids release almost twice the energy of
proteins or carbohydrates.
d. Carbohydrates and proteins have fewer
health benefits than lipids.
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Why are LDLs considered “bad cholesterol”?
a. They take cholesterol from peripheral
tissues to the liver.
b. They deliver cholesterol to peripheral
tissues.
c. They often end up in arterial plaques.
d. Both B and C are correct.
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Why does hypervitaminosis more commonly
involve fat-soluble vitamins?
a. Water-soluble vitamins rapidly degenerate
into their component parts.
b. Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in
body lipids.
c. Fat-soluble vitamins participate in more
important reactions than do water-soluble
vitamins.
d. All of the above are correct.
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What characteristic of lipoproteins allows them
to be made water-soluble?
a. They are small enough to pass through the
plasma membrane.
b. They have a superficial coating of
phospholipids and proteins.
c. They form compact granules.
d. They provide more energy than a
comparable amount of glucose.
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Which of the following vitamins can be
synthesized inside the body?
a. vitamins D and K
b. vitamins B12 and C
c. vitamins A and E
d. vitamins B6 and C
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How would a decrease in the amount of bile
salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A
in the body?
a. It would increase vitamin A.
b. It would decrease vitamin A.
c. It would have no effect, since the two are
not related.
d. It depends on the absorptive state.
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How would the BMR of a pregnant woman
compare with her own BMR before she
became pregnant?
a. higher when pregnant
b. lower when pregnant
c. no difference during pregnancy
d. depends on her pre-pregnancy weight
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What effect does vasoconstriction of
peripheral blood vessels have on an
individual’s body temperature on a hot day?
a. an increase in body temperature
b. a decrease in body temperature
c. no difference
d. depends on the individual’s hydration
level
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In cold conditions, how does blood flow
change to restrict heat loss?
a. Blood is diverted to the skin to decrease
surface-to-volume ratio.
b. Heat transfer from warm blood in arteries
warms cooler venous blood.
c. Blood flows through the superficial
venous network.
d. Vasomotor centers are inhibited and
respiration increases in depth.
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Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse
biochemical process of glycolysis.
b. Glycogenesis will facilitate the storage of
glucose in cells.
c. Gluconeogenesis uses amino acids and
lactate ions to produce glycogen.
d. Both A and B are true.
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What is NOT true with regard to glycolysis?
a. It is an anaerobic process that occurs in
the cytoplasm.
b. The first step of glycolysis phosphorylates
glucose and traps it in the cell.
c. The breakdown of glucose can lead to
lactic acid accumulation.
d. All of the above are correct.
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What process in the liver increases after you
have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal?
a. glycolysis
b. glycogenesis
c. lipolysis
d. beta-oxidation
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In infants, the highly vascularized tissue
between the shoulder blades is referred to as
______ fat and contains adipocytes that have
many ______.
a. brown; nuclei
b. brown; mitochondria
c. tan; nuclei
d. tan; mitochondria
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In training for competitive sports, what might
increase athletic performance?
a. increased carbohydrates in the diet 3
days prior to an event
b. increased protein in the diet 3 days prior
to the event
c. carbohydrate depletion/loading 3 days
prior to the event
d. none of the above
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What happens during the process of
transamination?
a. An amino group and hydrogen atom are
removed.
b. The toxic compound ammonium (NH4) is
created.
c. A keto acid is converted into an amino acid
that can leave the mitochondria.
d. The liver breaks down internal proteins.
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