Transcript TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES * 1

TASHKENT MEDICAL
ACADEMY
CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES
№1
Lecture number 13
Philosophy of nature and
society
 The
plan:
 1. Nature as an object of
philosophical analysis.
 2. Man's relation to nature: the basic
model
 3. The Company and its
philosophical meaning.
 4. Structure of society.
 Nature
- is the first of the central
places in philosophy. In very broad
terms the nature category represents
almost the whole world in general.
In this case the concept of nature is
identical categories such as life,
reality, the universe, space and so
on. If nature encompasses all being,
all reality, then both man and
society is more than the parts,
elements of nature.
 In
a narrower sense, the nature of
the category is the natural
environment of location, human
habitat. In this instance, the nature
of understanding the material world
with the exception of the society as a
set of natural conditions of existence.
These natural conditions include the
following components: 1) climate, 2)
relief, and 3) the level of soil fertility,
and 4) the flora and fauna, and 5)
the presence of minerals and other
raw material sources, and 6) water
Timely
philosophical concept
of nature includes both these
meanings, and now we
understand by nature all
things, the inner essence of
things, and the natural,
natural human environment.

The role and importance of the natural
environment in the process of social development
were noted thinkers of long ago. A lot was said
and written about the role of nature in society
thinkers like Lao Tzu, Confucius, Democritus,
Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Farabi, Ibn Sina,
Ibn Khaldun, Jean Bodin, etc. Even Lao Tzu
wrote: "For a man pattern - land. For the land
pattern - the sky. For a sample of the sky - the
way (Tao). For the Way (Tao) sample
spontaneous naturalness. "Jean Bodin believed,
in particular, that the society is formed and
developed independently of the will of man,
entirely subject only
The
term "society" is very
polysemous. It is used in
scientific (categorical) and
ordinary sense. In the ordinary
sense, it is used to refer to
voluntary associations in various
senses. In the ordinary sense, it
is used to refer to voluntary
associations of people with the
same interests, for example, the
company "fisher-athlete," etc
 The
philosophical and historical
literature, one can count at least five
values:
 1) Some particular society, which is
an independent unit of history,
holistic self-sufficient social
organism (eg, Uzbek, French,
Japanese and other companies).
 2) a set of social organisms of the
region (Middle East, Central Asian,
West European, etc.).
3)
all humankind.
4) the company a certain type
(ancient, feudal, bourgeois).
 5) refers to a society regardless
of its specific forms of sociality
some, the opposite nature: the
ideal type, the carrier material
properties and attributes of
social organisms.
 Society
as a living social organism is
the result of deliberate and
intelligently organized jointly
support large numbers of people,
united on the basis of the integrity of
interests and needs.
 In
the broad sense of a society as a
social form of the motion being
opposite opposes nature and natural,
is called the "Society."


The concept of "society" in the scientific revolution
brought KH Momdjian. In his view, society - is the
organizational form of the joint activities of people,
one of the subsystems of the world, occupying a
particular place in it.
Society, as a subsystem of the world, is a form of joint
human activity, which is, on the one hand, the
support of public properties and relations of the
world, as a whole system, and the other is the basis of
the specific social relations. Society, as a carrier of its
own specific social relations is specified for different
reasons and grounds. If the concept of "society" in
general broadly captures the essential features of
collective forms of life of individuals, the concept of
"society" in the narrow sense, reveals the existence of
a particular community of people.
 The
question of what is a society
tormented philosophers for
centuries.
 Plato believed that society arises
from the needs of the people.
Aristotle considered it "product of
nature", medieval philosophy - God's
creation.
 Farabi explains the origins of
teleological society - it is necessary
to achieve human perfection.
İn
modern times, had developed
the theory of the social contract
(Hobbes, Locke, Spinoza,
Rousseau, etc.) in order to
prevent a war of "all against all."
People entered into a social
contract, and became subject to
the laws for self-preservation.
 Newest
time advanced thinkers such
options:
 a) as a community of collective
representations (Durkheim), b)
social action (Weber)
 a) community norms and
values (Parsons, R. Merton)
 d) social institutions and
organizations (T. Bottomore, S.
Lipset), etc
 Zoroaster's
teachings offered Central
Asian elite peculiar ideal political
system, in which the main regulators
were to be not so much a political
and legal as religious and moral
principles and norms.
 Ideal Zoroastrian community has
incorporated elements of
Confucianism, Buddhism, Judaism,
etc. The main social categories were
the law, the contract choice.
 The
basis of Islamic views on social
issues is the doctrine of divine
predestination. Hence preaching
humility, patience, and humility.
 Islam stands not only as a theory,
but as a unique way of life as
religion is "deeply pervades all
aspects of human existence."
 In Islam, is very tough and very
detailed regulates virtually all public
and private life of a Muslim.
 Attempts
to explain the development of
the society from the perspective of
philosophical idealism back to antiquity Thucydides and Herodotus (V c. BC)
Whole and sufficiently developed
idealistic theory of society has left Plato
("State", "law" and others).
 Plato developed his own three-pronged
model of the ideal state with three social
classes:
 a) the right to "philosophers" ("wise men")
 b) protect and fight the "warriors"
("guard")
 c) free labor workers (farmers, artisans)
and slaves (the latter are to be outside the
company and its structure).
In further development, idealistic interpretation
of ancient society was in the works of Aristotle
("Policy", "ethics", and so on) He identified three
levels of social organization:
 a) family;
 b) the village (community);
 c) state.
 Community - a collection of families, the state the amount of communities. Personality must
obey the laws of society (ie, family, community,
state), improved by self-education and the
development of virtue, and so contribute to the
improvement of society.

 Ibn
Sina believes that society should be
divided into three groups: administrators,
soldiers, manufacturers.
 In turn, in the views of Farabi on society
are many ideas borrowed from Aristotle,
but then processed in relation to the sociopolitical context of the East.
 Eastern thinkers of modern times should
be noted such as Al-Bukhari ("The Book of
Useful Information for the king"), Bedil
("Knowledge"), Mashrab ("Devon Maschslave"), Ahmad Donish ("Rare event").
Democritus
argued that humans'
hands, mind and intelligence
"under the influence of human
needs created social values.
Roman Lucretius (99-55 BC.
Oe.) Believed that society, like
nature, there is not the will of
the gods, and they are not
controlled.
 Expanded
materialistic
interpretation of social development
is presented in the works of Marx
and Engels, "Capital", "The Origin of
the Family, Private Property and the
State", "The German Ideology", "The
Poverty of Philosophy," "The Holy
Family", etc.
 Marxism completely abandoned the
idea of the priority of spirituality in
society. The basis of all social
development was proclaimed social
production.
Purely etymologically by this term covers a
variety of different phenomena:
 1. Separate from nature part of the material
world, which is a collection of all the historically
developing methods of interaction and forms of
association of persons;
 2. Each of the historical and emerging methods of
interaction and forms of association of persons;
 3. A group of people united by time and place of
residence (region, country, etc.);
 4. Bringing people together for a purpose;
 5. Group of people who spend time together, etc.

In
this very broad sense, the
society - a combination of all
forms of associations of
people and all the ways they
communicate and interact.
 The
economic sphere is labor,
industrial activity of man. Her need
is due to the fact that human needs the phenomenon of a fundamentally
different order than the needs of the
animal. And the further in its
development takes on the nature of
the person, the greater role in social
progress is the economic sphere. One
of the most important economic
concepts is the property.
 The
major structural components of
the economic sectors of society are
the productive forces and relations of
production. The relations of
production are the economic
relations developing between people
in the production, distribution,
exchange and consumption of goods.
Under the forces of production is
defined as "a system of subjective
(human) and real (appliances and
labor) the elements required for the
process of material production."
 The
political sphere of society is one of the
fundamental parts of the structure of
society. Broadly, the term "politics" and
"political sphere" coincide. In a narrower
sense, the policy is a conscious activity of
people and political forces aimed at
achieving, retention, development and
implementation of power. Every member
of society to some extent connected to the
political sphere: as a citizen of the state,
as a member of a political party or sociopolitical organization, a member of the
working group or community, etc.
 In
today's social and philosophical
thought system of society policy is
understood as a sphere of relations
between "large social groups at the state
and government (including national and
state) devices within a given society, as
well as relations between states in the
international arena.
 Political sphere in the broad sense of the
word are the political system of society,
politics, political system, political theory,
etc. In a narrow sense, the political sphere
is regarded as synonymous with the
political system of the society.
 Basis,
the foundation of the political
system is the state of society. The main
task of the state - is the exercise of
political power and political control.
 As the main features of the state are the
following: a) a public authority, standing
above the rest of the social environment,
and b) sovereignty - full power in a
particular area, and c) the territory itself,
on which the authority (hence the
understanding of the state as a country),
and d) the exclusive right to issue legal
acts and demand their fulfillment, and e)
the right to collect taxes and fees (for the
maintenance of the state apparatus, etc.).
 Proceeding
from the etymology of the
word "social" and treat it as a synonym for
"public" that, at first glance, it turns
tautology - "public sphere of society." In
this sense, all areas - economic, political,
spiritual - called social (ie public). But still
there is a particular social sphere of
society - as the area of relations between
groups and communities of different order
(social classes, strata, ethnic groups,
socio-demographic groups, individual
groups, etc.) and by individuals as
members of these communities. Feature of
social relations - is that they permeate all
areas of society.
 Social
structure is objective in its
nature exist, it can not be
established or - abolished by the
decree of the legislature. Social
structure is the totality of all of the
communities it made in their
relationship and interaction.
 The following types of social
structure: the demographic, ethnic,
social class, settlement,
geographical, professional and
educational structure, etc.
Spirituality as a social phenomenon and the
scientific concept has many specific features, and
therefore it can act as an independent object of
philosophical analysis. Thinkers of all time
thought about the meaning, the nature of such
concepts as "spirit", "spirituality", "spiritual."
 Spiritual factors play an important role in social
reform. Modern society is not only the technology
and the economy, but also a high level of
spirituality. The spiritual sphere - is the spiritual
unity of production (in the broadest sense) as a
process and its results. It includes art, science,
ethics, legal and political consciousness, religion,
philosophy. All these social phenomena can be
considered as elements (or rather sub-system) of
the spiritual sphere of society.

 Civil
society - the concept is
extremely relevant to modern
Uzbekistan. Citizen - a citizen of the
city, in the ancient Greek polis.
 What can now be presented as a
model of civil society at the present
stage of development of the world
civilization First of all, it is the
authority of law, the rule of "His
Majesty's Law."
Rule of law - it is not only the power and laws,
but also the social contract, ie willingness of
citizens to enforce these laws and a real
willingness and ability of the state to respect and
protect the rights of citizens. A person can be
personally do not agree with the government and
the law, but he is obliged to execute them on a
par with other citizens.
 In legal state of the relationship between human
rights and the state is decided so, as stated in the
Constitution: "A man, his rights and freedoms
are the supreme value. Recognize, respect and
protect the rights and freedoms of man and
citizen - the obligation of the state."

 To
ensure the rights and freedoms even in
the ancient world to develop principles of
democracy, of the people, providing for the
right of everyone to take part in
government.
 Democracy - is not the power of the
majority, but to protect the rights and
freedoms of minorities and, in the end,
everyone.
 The challenge is that democratic
principles must be logged in "flesh and
blood" person to become an integral part
of his identity, mentality, mindset.
 Rule
of law and civil society - our
future path that is not close, thorny,
covers several stages of development
and will require state agencies and
officials, the public and the public of
serious effort. Must assert healthy
tone State and society, to put a
barrier to corruption and decay, fight
crime and abuse, developing legal
and moral foundations of society.
 Social
philosophy studies:
 the nature of society;
 origin of society;
 the structure of society;
 fundamental laws of
 prospects for social development
 laws governing the functioning of the social
system
 Society - A form reasonably organized, and
cultural life of the people with common needs,
interests, and goals
Characteristics of a society:
 integrity;
 self-organized;
 dynamics;
 Ability to grow;
 regularity;
 self-governing
