Transcript Semester One Exam Review

First Semester Exam Review Topics – Life Characteristics
NOT ALIVE!
ALIVE!
Biology is all about being Alive!
Know what that means!
O – H – M – R – G&D – E&A
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Pyramids
All about Energy!
Who has the energy?
Where from? How?
How much flows “upwards”
between the levels?
Can you Name the Levels?
What is wrong with this
Diagram?
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Food Webs
What are these Illustrations Called?
Know the energy levels, -vores, -trophs, niche, etc…
What is the Spider? Fox?! Rabbit?
Why is the Toad the most fragile animal here?
What would happen if the area was
sprayed the area and the Herbivorous
Insects were wiped out?
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Symbiosis
One Consumes
the other!


Both Benefit!


One Benefits at
the expense of
the other!
One Benefits
without
affecting the
other!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Limiting Factors
Limiting Factors and Seasons that support/control the Producers.
What do the Producers require to Thrive?!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Population Growth

Balance

Small populations are in
danger because: (?)
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Human Population
Remember! Growth Rate (GR) = Birth Rate (BR) – Death Rate (DR)
Age Structure
Graph
Shows the
pattern of
growth of a
population.
How many
offspring =
How fast the
Population will
grow!
Developing
Country = Fast
Growing Pop.
Slow Growing
Developed
Country.
Developed Country
= Stable Zero
Growth.
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Carbon Cycle
?!
Photosynthesis collects CO2 vs. Cellular Respiration releases CO2 in rough
Balance to maintain atmospheric levels.
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Global Warming
Rapid and Recent Increase in
the average temperature of
the Earth following the
beginning of the Industrial
Revolution.
Linked to the release of CO2
into the atmosphere which
absorbs radiation and traps
heat.
Excess CO2 results from
Combustion of fossil fuels.
All related to the Greenhouse
Effect.
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Nitrogen Cycle
Why is Nitrogen
essential to all living
things?
What form does that
Nitrogen need to be
in to become
available to the Food
Web?
What important plants
are especially
important in the
Nitrogen Cycle and
what do they have?
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Bioaccumulation
Pollution affects
organisms
when it become
concentrated
enough to
damage them.
Producers collect
a little of the
toxic chemicals,
but the higher
organisms in
the Food Web
end up with
toxic levels.
Who is affected?
Where is the
Toxic
Chemical
Stored?
How did the
environment
become
exposed?
Why did the
Producers not
die?
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Dead Zones
Ecosystems SHOULD be in rough Balance! If there is an over-abundance
of Nutrient Run-off from farmlands, the algae “Bloom” and this leads
to loss of Oxygen – Dead Zones!
Nutrients cause too much
Algal Growth, leaving
too much dead algae!
Decomposers then
Overgrow and use the
Oxygen!!
Red Tide does Something
Else! Toxic!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Organic Compounds
Living Things are mostly composed of Organic Compounds.
Organic mean Based
on CARBON!!
Carbon is the BFF
that holds all of the
various atoms
together.
Bonds in three
dimensions and can
form highly
complex, large
molecules.
Typically, other
elements involved
in Organic
Molecules include
H,N, and O =
96+% of all living
matter!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Organic Compounds
There are four (4) basic types of Organic Compounds.
CARBOHYDRATES are
Sugars and are universal
energy sources!
Photosynthesis!!
Monosaccharides such as
Glucose = Blood Sugar!
Benedict’s Test turns Orange
Polysaccharides that store glucose
and thus energy.
Starch stores energy in Plants – Iodine
test = Black.
Cellulose in Cell Walls of Plants.
Glycogen stores energy in Animals.
LIPIDS are Fats and
are good for energy
storage!
Triglyceride with
three Fatty Acids.
P
Phospholipid
found in
Membranes.
Lipids are Non-Polar and do not
dissolve in Water = Insoluble.
Brown Paper Bag Test!!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Enzyme
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Plasma Membrane
?
Receptor for
Information
and Control
of the Cell
?
Phospholipid
Bilayer
Barrier.
?
Selective Permeability and
Homeostasis!
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Prokaryotes
How do
you
KNOW
that it is a
“Pro”
karyote?
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Eukaryotes
Must Know! Nucleus, Plasma Membrane,
Mitochondrion, Food Vacuole, Ribosome
and what they do!
Also Must Know! Cell Wall, Vacuole,
Chloroplast and what THEY do!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cell Organization
Cell
Cell
Organize into
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
TISSUES
Cell
Cell
Cell
Organize into
Blood
Epithelial
Muscular
ORGANS
Nervous
Connective
ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
Organize into
ORGAN
ORGAN
ORGAN
ORGAN
SYSTEM
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Osmosis
Movement of Water to maintain Equilibrium. Uncontrolled.
Low
concentration
of solutes = lots
of water!
Higher
concentration
of solutes = less
water!
0%
i.e., 10%
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Membrane Transport
Active
Transport
always
forces
from
Low
↓
High
Passive
Transport
always
flows High
↓
Low
“with” the
conc.
gradient.
ATP!
Need ATP
to move
“against”
the conc.
gradient.
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Photosynthesis
Plants Require CO2 and H2O!!! They then use
those Reactants to produce Glucose!!
Stomata Control Everything since they determine
TRANSPIRATION and delivery of the Reactants!!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
in cytoplasm
If O2 present =
Aerobic!
If O2 NOT present
= Anaerobic!
2 ATP
36-38 ATP!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate. THE Basic Energy Carrying
Molecule of Cells. Can pass energy on to other molecules to
drive Metabolism via the third Phosphate Group. Cycles back
and forth with ADP.
NH2
ATP!
Adenine
P
P
P
N
Respiration
ADP
Universal Energy Source means that Enzymes and various
Chemical Reactions can become specialized to use THIS
molecule. Little Variation = Same Shapes!
Metabolism
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Fermentation
Fermentation is Anaerobic!! Useful Process for many different
Foods. All are sealed during their Production!
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
leaves a sour
taste as the
Alcoholic
pH changes –
Fermentation
Goes Down!!
produces
CO2 =
Bubbly!!
Psst!!
CO2!
Fluffy with
CO2 holes!!
Remember! What happens to Muscle as a result of Lactic Acid Fermentation?
First Semester Exam Review Topics – DNA Structure
DeoxyriboNucleic
Bases represent
Acid
the information
and always form
THE Genetic
Complementary
Material carries
Base Pairs.
Information of the
Organism.
A  T
If DNA Strand G C T A T T C G C A C G T A A C G T A
Stable
as a Double
G  C
Other Strand isC G A T A A G C G T G C A T T G C A T
Helix
protecting
Complementary
the information
Base Pairs!
on the Inside.
Building Blocks
are Nucleotides.
This Illustration shows the copying of DNA. What is this process called
and what is the final product? Why is it “Semi-Conservative”?
First Semester Exam Review Topics – RNA
How is RNA different
from DNA:
Structurally?
Bases?
Function?
Location?
What is this Process
called?
What is the Original
Sequence Called?
If DNA Strand G
RNA Strand is
C T A T T C G C A C G T A A C G T A
C G A U A A G C G U G C A U U G C A U
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Protein Synthesis
DNA  Transcription  RNA  Translation  Protein
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Translation
GGAATGCCAGCGAAAAATGCCCATTAA
CCTTACGGTCGCTTTTTACGGGTAATT
GGAAUGCCAGCGAAAAAUGCCCAUUAA
Met Pro Ala
Lys Asn
NOW – Have an
Amino Acid Chain.
What has to happen
to get a functional
Protein?
Ala His STOP
mRNA Genetic Code
First Semester Exam Review Topics - Mutation
CAG
↓
Q = Glu
CAA
↓
Q = Glu
Same = Silent
AAG
↓
K = Lys
Problem!
TAG
↓
STOP
Disaster!
Usually caused during
Meiosis! Random!
Usually caused during Replication
(=Error) OR as a result of exposure to
damaging Mutagens (=radiation,
chemicals, etc…). Random and
Constant.
Delete AG
↓
Only 2?!
Disaster!
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cell Cycle
The Production of new cells should be tightly controlled!
Daughter Cells are only made
when there is space during
Growth and Healing.
Cells have to “shut-down” DNA
as Chromosomes!
Most Cells Do Not Divide as they are
specialized to function. G0 cells are
“working” and typically cannot do
Mitosis.
DNA is Chromatin and in Use!
In Mitosis, all of the Daughter Cells are Genetically Identical (barring
Mutation), but since they “Express” different genes in different ways,
they can “Differentiate” into very different cellis: e.g., Muscle and
Nerve Cells that are very active (lots of Mitochondria!), or Connective
Tissue Cells, etc…
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cancer
The Cell Cycle is controlled by Genes just like everything else! If
those genes are mutated, then the Cell Cycle will be affected.
Those Daughter Cells SHOULD stop
growing when they contact each other
(Contact Inhibition!) and then shift to
G0 and get to Work!.
IF the Cell Cycle is disrupted (e.g., by
mutated Oncogenes), this process
cannot stop when it SHOULD!
Cancer is caused by Mutation. Major causes include UV Radiation
(Ozone is Important!!), Smoking (Don’t do it!), Viruses (new vaccines
can prevent!), and Replication Errors (No Fix There).
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cell Division/Mitosis
Controlled growth.
UNControlled growth.
First Semester Exam Review Topics – Cell Division/Mitosis
Asexual
Identical
Clone
Daughter Cells
Growth/Dev.
Do not need to know the four
Phases, but need to be able to
recognize the parts and put the
phases in order.