Transcript wine vinegar

Examples of the definition of biotechnology
Milestones of biotechnology (I)
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
The definition of biotechnology
The English term‘Biotechnology’
includes the meanings of Bio (life, organism)
and Technology (craft, technique)
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
The definition of biotechnology
For a more precise description,
‘Biotechnology’ is ‘the techniques
applying biological process,
biological cells or other metabolites
to produce products and improve
human living quality’
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is not entirely an
emerging technology. Traditional
biotechnology can be traced back to
the fermentation process used by
ancient people to produce traditional
food such as rice wine, vinegar, Soya
sauce and bread, etc.
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Conventional example: Beer
AD 1750,
The Barbarians produced beer
AD1956,
The fermentation techniques
developed maturely in Japan
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
The area of biotechnology
More conventional examples in applying biotechnology
Agriculture – produce fertilizers and pesticides
Medicines – diagnose and prevent diseases,
produce antibiotics, vaccine and drugs
Industry – chemical industrial raw materials
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Recent development of
biotechnology
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Example (Medical): Counteracting bacteria
1675
Leeuwenhoek used
microscope to discover
bacteria for the first time
1928
Fleming discovered
Penicillin and led to the
application of antibiotics
fighting against bacterial
diseases
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Example (Medical): Counteracting viruses
1797
Successfully use cow pox vaccines to prevent children
from viral infection of smallpox
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Example (Industrial): Chemical industrial raw
materials
Most of the applications of
biotechnology in chemical industry are
related to the use of fermentation
methods in organisms to improve
the production process,
such as amino acids and
industrial catalysts
Amino acid shampoo
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Example (agricultural): biological organic fertilizer
Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology?
Modern Biotechnology
Examples of the definition of biotechnology
Milestones of biotechnology (I)
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
DNA Techniques
1863
Mendel discovered inheritance genes
1869
Discovery of DNA in sperms of fish
1879
Discovery of chromosomes
1943-44
Discovery of DNA as inheritance materials
synthesising genes
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
protein
chromosomes
1953
Crick and Watson discovered
the molecular structure
of DNA
cell
gene
DNA
1970
H.O. Smith and K.W. Wilcox discovered restriction
enzymes that can selectively cut DNA into segments
1972
Paul Berg used restriction enzymes to break DNA into
fragments, then used ligase to join two segments of
DNA. The DNA recombination technique succeeded.
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
1976
The first time to use DNA recombination technique to
diagnose alpha thalessemia, a human genetic disorder disease
1978
Proposed the technique of selectively change DNA coding
1981
The first DNA production machine produced
1983
PCR technique existed which can produce large amount of
DNA accurately
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
1984
Introduction of DNA Fingerprinting
1988
Develop Human Genome Project to find out the
entire sequence of human
1990
Successfully conducted gene therapy
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
1995
Successfully mapped all the DNA sequence from
H.influenzae
1998
Successed mapped all the DNA sequence from
C.elegans
2001
Human Genome Project completed: the coding was
published to the public
Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology
The constraints and the
issues of biotechnology
Lesson 5, 6: What are the problems of biotechnology?
Organism cloning technique
1996
A cloned sheep is firstly
produced from embryos in
Scotland
1997
A cloned sheep is
produced from cells of a
mature sheep in Scotland
1997
Reports on cloned rhesus
Embryonic stem cells
1998
Embryonic stem cells can be used for
reproducing normal tissues and
can also simulate diseased cells
for researches
2001
The United States approved
the present embryonic stem cell researches
for the treatment of dementia and Pakinsonism, etc.
http://www.people.com.cn/GB/keji/2520408.html
Human Genome Project
Genetic discrimination?