MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
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Transcript MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
Found in all living things
Building blocks of all cells
Made up of the atoms: Carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
Sulfur
There are 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates C, H, & O
Lipids C, H, & O
Proteins C, H, O, N, & S
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, & P
Carbohydrates
Basic units: sugars
Provide energy and
structural support
Fiber is a carbohydrate that
prevents constipation
Foods: breads, cereals,
vegetables, fruits, & seeds
Extra glucose is converted
into glycogen in the liver
Glucose
Lipids/Fats
Basic units: fatty acids
Functions: provides energy &
structure, cushions the body,
and prevents heat loss
Found in butter, margarine,
candy
made of fatty acid molecules
that consist two distinct
regions:
a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
a hydrophilic head
Saturated Fats
contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
has lots of hydrogen
solid at room temperature (beef, pork,
chicken, dairy)
found in animal products
Reduce Intake! can clog blood vessels
Unsaturated Fats
contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon
bonds & fewer hydrogen atoms
Liquid at room temperature (oils, nuts, &
seeds)
found in plant products
Better Intake!
Molecular structures of Fats
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
DNA Structure discovery
James Watson and
Francis Crick with
DNA Model in
1953.
Nucleic Acids
Atoms: C, H, O, N, P
Basic units: nucleotides composed of
Sugar
Phosphate group
Base: cytosine, guanine, adenime, thymine, uracil
There are two types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells
in an organism – RNA helps
DNA –
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA is the hereditary
material passed on
from parents to
offspring
Structure: doublestranded
Phosphate group
Sugar deoxyribose
Bases
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Thymine
RNA
RNA helps the DNA
RiboNucleic Acid
Structure: singlestranded
Basic units: nucleotides
Phosphate group
Sugar ribose
Bases
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine – Uracil
Nitrogenous Bases
Proteins
Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, S
Basic units: amino acids (20)
Provide energy & structure, repairs body
tissues
Some are called hormones, enzymes,
neurotransmitters, etc.
Foods high in protein: meat, eggs, poultry,
milk & milk products, nuts, dried beans,
peas, & lentils
Proteins
Primary Structure
The very basic strand of amino
acids
Secondary Structure
The hydrogen-bond
interaction among strands of
amino acids giving alpha
helices and beta-sheets
shapes .
Proteins
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Interaction between alpha
helices and beta-sheets.
These protein domains
for small globular
proteins.
Small globular proteins
form protein aggregates.
A famous example is
hemoglobin.
Protein Structures
Protein Structures (Cont’d)
Enzymes
Are proteins
Speed up chemical reactions
without being consumed or
using energy
Enzymes
Amylase - breaks down sugar
Proteases - break down proteins
Lipases - break down lipids
Catalase - breaks down hydrogen
peroxide
Enzyme Action Models
Models
Enzyme Action Models
lock and key model substrate & the
enzyme fit together perfectly
induced-fit model Enzyme changes
shape slightly to accommodate the
substrate
Factors that affect enzyme action:
1. Temperature – 37oC best for human
enzymes
2. pH – different for each enzyme
a.
b.
c.
7 for amylase in the mouth
2 for pepsin in the stomach
8 for trypsin in the intestines
3. Concentration of enzyme and substrate
4. Coenzymes – helpers such as minerals and
vitamins
Macromolecules parts of the cell
Membrane