Bacterial Meningitis
Download
Report
Transcript Bacterial Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
Brie Noble
What is Meningitis?
Infection of the Meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord)
It can be caused by bacteria, fungi or a virus
Bacterial Meningitis is the most common, accounting for nearly “80% of all
cases are acute bacterial meningitis”
People with viral meningitis are much less likely to have permanent brain
damage after the infection resolves
3 “Main Types”
Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis)
reside in the throats and nasal passages of
approximately 10 percent of the general population
Pneumococcal disease (Streptococcus
pneumoniae)
Age Group
Newborns
Group B Streptococcus
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Infants and Children
Streptococcus pneumonia
Neisseria meningitides
Haemophilus influenzae
type b
Neisseria meningitides
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumonia
Neisseria meningitides
Listeria monocytogenes
(eating contaminated
food)
Can cause meningitis and blood infection
Can cause otitis media (middle ear infection)
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease
primarily attacks the very young
nearly eradicated in the U.S. since infant
vaccination programs in 1980’s
Causes
Adolescents and Young
Adults
Older Adults
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html
Who is most affected?
Children
Adults who abuse alcohol
Chronic nose and ear infections
Pregnant women
Corticosteroids
Brain or spinal surgery
Blood Infections
Immunocompromised
Living in close contact living
situations
Travelers to the “meningitis belt” or
those travelling to Mecca on Hajj
and Umrah pilgrimage
tp://www.drugfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/alcohol1-300x267.jpg
tp://africanwomennetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/pregnant-woman.jpg
tp://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/661/overrides/neurosurgery-for-bears_66160_600x450.jpg
tp://housing.unca.edu/sites/housing.unca.edu/files/images/dorm2.jpg
tp://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html
http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/pneumo_hib/Hib_deaths_map.JPG?ua=1
6 June 2013 - From 1 January to 12
May 2013 (epidemiologic week 19)
9,249 suspected cases of meningitis
857 deaths
Case fatality ratio of 9.3 percent
Reported from 18 of the 19 African
countries under enhanced
surveillance for meningitis
Meningococcal disease: 2013 epidemic
season in the African Meningitis Belt
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_06_06_me
nin/en/
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html
http://media3.s-nbcnews.com/i/msnbc/Components/Art/HEALTH/050526/Chart_Meningitis1.gif
Symptoms
http://www.corbyccg.nhs.uk/modules_site_specific/guide/printablePages/meningitis.html
http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2993q/nm.htm
Diagnosis
Blood, urine and mucous samples from
the nose and throat
Physical exam looking for:
Purple or red rash on the skin
Stiffness in the neck
Hip and Knee Flexion
A spinal tap will be ordered to
determine if it is fungal, viral or bacterial
A spinal tap is also called a lumbar
puncture
a hollow needle is inserted into the
subarachnoid space (canal in that
carries cerebrospinal fluid) in the
lower back region of the spinal
column
http://www.uspharmacist.com/continuing_education/ceviewtest/lessonid/108112/
Treatment
Prognosis
Mortality rate for meningitis of all causes: between 4% -14%
Mortality rates for meningococcal meningitis: 4% - 8% in children and up to
7% in adults
Mortality rate for GBS meningitis: 7% - 27% in neonates and up to 30% in adults
Complications/other effects:
Neurologic sequelae in up to 50% of pneumococcal meningitis survivors
Hearing loss is present in up to 30% of pneumococcal meningitis
survivors and 1% - 8% of meningococcal meningitis survivors
Long-term sequelae: present in up to 30% of children
Among those who survive, approximately 20% suffer long-term
consequences
The Devastation of Meningitis
100
Maximum Percentage of Cases
90
50
80
70
60
50
25
5
40
27
30
20
10
20
8
20
14
0
Mortality Rate
All
Long term Squelae
Meningococcal
GBS
Hib
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2547055/New-meningitis-vaccine-NHS-says-children-Meningitis-B-kills-hours-cost-survivors-limbs-So-arent-families-spared-heartbreak.html
http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Memory_Loss-3.jpg
http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/xpVu-quhUCM/maxresdefault.jpg
http://manuprem.com/images/sideld.jpg
http://theaslproject.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/deaf-sign-language.jpg
http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/2013/05/05/epilepsy.jpg/ALTERNATES/crop_630x400/epilepsy.jpg
http://www.dramming.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/blind.jpg
http://forward.com/workspace/assets/images/articles/story-philologos-090711.jpg
Prevention
VACCINATIONS for Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus
pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Not smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke
http://www.houstontx.gov/health/Environmental/No_smoking_sign.jpg
http://www.who.int/features/2010/meningitis_vaccine/meningitis_vaccine_05.jpg
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v
10/n3/images/nrmicro2713-f2.jpg
PorB
PorB Continued
Works Cited
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/neurological/lum
bar_puncture_lp_92,P07666/
http://www.uspharmacist.com/continuing_education/ceviewtest/lessonid/108112
/ (tables)
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_06_06_menin/en/
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/meningitis/hic_bacterial_meningitis.aspx
Criss, A. K., & Seifert, H. S. (2012). A bacterial siren song: intimate interactions
between Neisseria and neutrophils. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10(3), 178+.
Jarvis, G.A., & Vedros, N.A. (1987). Sialic Acid of Group B Neisseria meningitides
Regulates Alternative Complement Pathway Activation. Infection and Immunity.
174-180.
Massari, P., King, C.A., Ho, A.Y., & Wetzler, L.M. (2002). Neisserial PorB is
translocated to the mitochondria of HeLa cells infected with Neisseria
meningitides and protects cells from apoptosis. Cellular Microbiology, 5(2), 99-109.