Transcript Psychology Wednesday, 9/23

Psychology I –
st
1
per Mon, Apr 16
Please get out:
“2000-Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric •Your textbook
•A writing implement
Kandel share the Nobel Prize for their
discoveries concerning signal transduction in •Your notes for Ch 3, Sec
2
the nervous system…
Did you know??
Signal transduction occurs when a message from one
nerve cell is transmitted to another through a chemical
transmitter. It takes place at special points of contact,
called synapses. Each nerve cell can have thousands of
such contacts with other nerve cells. Carlsson,
Greengard, and Kandel's research focuses on one type
of signal transduction between nerve cells, known as
slow synaptic transmission. Their discoveries have
contributed to a greater understanding of the normal
function of the brain as well as how disturbances in this
signal transduction can give rise to neurologic and
psychiatric diseases.”
(The Secret Life of the Brain: The History of the Brain)
Today’s Agenda
1. Mood Disorders
a. Depression
2. Ch 3, Sec 1 Neurotransmitters-finish
3. Ch 3, Sec 2-Parts of the Brain
• To prepare for Class on Wed, Apr 18
• Read Ch 3, Sec 3
• Take notes in your own style or use the notes on
inetteacher
Chapter 3
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
• The Big Idea:
– The nervous system, the brain, the endocrine system, and
heredity shape human thoughts and behaviors.
• Essential Questions:
– What are the major functions of the central nervous system?
– What are the different parts of the brain, and how do they work?
• Objectives
– Identify and describe the functions of the nervous system.
– Describe the different parts of the brain and how they work.
Types of Mood Disorders
– Mood disorders are characterized by mood changes that are
inappropriate for the situation to which they are responding.
– Most people have mood changes that reflect the normal ups and
downs of life, but mood changes that are inappropriate to a situation
can signal a mood disorder.
– Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or
imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood
– Some believe that learned helplessness makes people prone to
depression
– Others believe that some people are prone to depression because of
their habitual style of explaining life events
– Three types: depression, bipolar disorder, and postpartum
depression
Types of Mood Disorders:
Major Depression
• The DSM-IV contains a list of symptoms to help diagnose
• The five or more of the symptoms are present for most of the
day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks:
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–
–
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–
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Feeling sad, empty, "blue" or in the dumps
Losing interest/pleasure in your normal activities
Significant weight loss or gain (change in 5% in a month)
Sleep disturbances (too much/too little)
Feeling physically restless or slowed down
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feeling worthless/Excessive guilt
Inability to concentrate or make decisions
Suicidal thoughts/plans/attempts
Explaining Mood Disorders
• Psychological Views
– The psychoanalytic view of depression connects the past to the
present.
• Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or
imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood
– Learning theorists: “learned helplessness” makes people prone.
– Cognitive theorists: habitual style of explaining life events.
• Attribution theory: people assign different types of explanations to events,
which affect self-esteem and self-efficacy.
• Beck suggests that people who are depressed have a negative view of
themselves, their experiences, and their future.
Explaining Mood Disorders
• Biological Views
– Mood disorders occur more often in the close relatives of
affected individuals than they do in the general population.
– Two neurotransmitters in the brain—serotonin and
noradrenaline—may partly explain the connection between
genes and mood.
Explaining Mood Disorders
• Biological and Psychological Factors
– A combination of factors is most likely at work.
Treatment of Mood Disorders
• Therapy
• AND/OR
• Medications:
– Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
– Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake
Inhibitors(SNRIs)
– Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonin Antidepressants
(NaSSAs)
– Older tricyclic antidepressants (not going into detail on
this one)
– Dopaminergic
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRIs)
Popular SSRIs: Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Paxil, Lexapro, Luvox
Used to treat anxiety, mood, stress, and panic disorders
• How they work: SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to the
presynaptic neuron thereby increasing the amount of serotonin
in the synapse, hence allowing more time for the serotonin to
bind to the postsynaptic neuron and cause that neuron to fire
• Most Common Side Effects: vertigo, dizziness, insommnia,
anorexia, anxiety, vomiting, and sexual dysfunction
• Introducted in the mid-1980’s
• NPR Article about Depression and Serotonin
(Carlson, & Freudenrich)
Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine
Reuptake Inhibitors(SNRIs)
• Popular SNRIs: Effexor, Cymbalta, Pristiq
• Used to treat: depression, anxiety, social anxiety
disorder, panic attacks
• How they work: Block the reuptake of
norepinephrine and serotonin by binding to the
presynaptic neuron the transporters of these
neurotransmitters
• Most Common Side Effects: dry mouth, nausea,
dizziness, sleepiness, insomnia, increased blood
(Freudenrich
& Serotonin andsexual
Norepinephrine
Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs))
pressure,
constipation,
dysfunction,
Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonin
Antidepressants (NaSSAs)
• Popular NaSSAs: Remeron, Desyrel, Serzone,
Bolvidion
• Used to treat: depression
• How they work: NaSSAs block negative feedback
effects on serotonin and norepinephrine
secretion by the presynaptic neuron. This
increases the number of these neurotransmitters
in the synpatic cleft. NaSSAs also block some
serotonin receptors on the postsynaptic neuron,
which increases serotonin neurotransmisson.
(Freudenrich)
Dopaminergic:Wellbutrin
• Used to treat:
– Depression
– SAD
– Stop smoking
• Wellbutrin inhibits the reuptake of Norepinephrine and
Dopamine
http://depression.emedtv.com/wellbutrin/wellbutrin.html & http://www.drugs.com/wellbutrin.html
Neurotransmitters-Application
• Endorphins are neurotransmitters that naturally reduce pain and
boost mood.
• Flooding the brain with painkillers, antidepressants, or other drugs
may cause the brain to stop producing endorphins.
• When such drug(s) is discontinued, a person may experience a
period of discomfort (aka withdrawl)—ranging from mild to
agonizing—until the brain resumes production of endorphins.
• What are other possible ramifications of taking antidepressants or
painkillers?
• Do you believe the benefits outweigh the potential harm?
Ch 3, Sec 2: The Brain-Our Control
Center
• The brain is composed of three major sections: the
hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.
• The human brain has many parts that work together
to coordinate body movement, create thought and
emotions, and shape behaviors.
• The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that
controls thinking, memory, language, emotions,
complex motor functions, perceptions, and much
more.
Early Beliefs About the Brain
• In ancient times, people did not attribute human
psychological processes such as thinking to the working of
the brain.
• Instead, people widely believed that the body was inhabited
by souls or demons.
• Ancient Egyptians believed that a little person dwelled
within the skull and regulated behavior.
• Where did Aristotle believe the soul resided?
• How might the love songs and poetry of past centuries have
been different had ancient peoples had a better
understanding of human psychological processes?
• Today we recognize that the mind, or consciousness, dwells
within the brain.
Biology & Behavior Multimedia
• Brain Function
• Visual of the Major Structures of the
Brain
• 3-D Brain Anatomy
Reticular Activating System
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•
•
•
•
•
What is it?
What is it’s function?
How is it related to arousal and sleep?
What types of noises wake you up during the night?
How do you usually respond to these noises?
Why do certain noises wake some of the students
while other students are unaffected by those same
noises?
Parts of the Brain
• Under what circumstances might a honking car
not wake a person who is sleeping?
• How might an injured cerebellum affect a person?
• What does the thalamus do?
• What can you infer about a person who sustained
a head injury and now exhibits unusual eating and
drinking behaviors?
Parts of the Brain
• Do you believe that scientists can gain useful
insights about human behavior by studying the
hypothalamus in animals? Why or why not?
• What is the limbic system involved with?
• What does cerebrum mean in Latin?
• Which part of the brain do people generally think
of when talking about the brain? Why do you
think this is so?
The Cerebral Cortex
• Which lobe is the primary visual area of the cerebral
cortex?
• How is the brain similar to a walnut?
• What could be called the brain’s executive center?
• A chess player would typically be described as
emphasizing which side of her brain?
• An artist would typically be descried as emphasizing
which side of his brain?
Left brain vs. Right brain??
• Think of friends, relatives, or acquaintances
whom you would categorize as either logical or
creative…
• Do you think an individual who has many abilities
in one of those areas is lacking in abilities in the
other area?
• Why or why not?
• Is one hemisphere of the brain entirely
responsible for controlling creativity or logic?
Works Cited
Carlson, Neil R. (1999). Foundations of
Physiological Psychology, 4th ed. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
Chudler, Eric H. (2010). Neuroscience For Kids.
Retrieved from:
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.ht
ml
Freudenrich, Ph.D., Craig. "How Antidepressants
Work" 20 September 2007. HowStuffWorks.com.
<http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/me
dication/antidepressant.htm> 15 April 2012.
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
(SNRIs). (2012). Retrived from:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/antidepressa