Transcript EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE MIND UNILAG CHAPEL

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON
THE MIND
UNILAG CHAPEL
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS.
August 7,2016
DR. OWOEYE O. A. (MBChB, MSc, FMCPsych.)
OUTLINE
Introduction.
Definitions.
Causative factors.
Physiology of Drug abuse.
Categories of Drugs abused and
Effects on the mind.
Introduction
Drugs- any substance that alters physiological
functions
Psychoactive substance- physiological funtions
of the brain.
Drug abuse- not medically prescribed
-harmful use.
-functional impairment
Use of Drugs probably as old as mankind.
Drugs used for various purpose in the region.
Civil wars in the West Africa carry along with
them increase in use of drugs and associated
health effects.
Use cuts across socioeconomic class.
Age of initiation as early as 8 years for
cannabis and 2-3 years for alcohol.
Some older addicts (65 years or more) now
seen.
Causative Factors
1. Heredity.
2. Psychosoical factors e.g. Masturbatory
equivalent, defense against homosexual
impluse, manifestation of regression and a
reflection of disturbed ego function.
3. Disorganised childhood e.g. Parental
deprivation, frequent marital disharmony.
4. Children of drug using parents.
5. Peer pressure.
6. Personality disorder (35-60% drug patients
also meet the diagnosis for anti social
personality disorder).
7. Psychiatric disorder e.g. Depression,
Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorders.
8. Behavorial theory: Positive reinforcement and
negative reinforcement by drugs of abuse.
9. Neurochemical Theories: Anybody with too
little neurotransmitter activity or too much
activity of its antagonist may be at risk of
development of dependence to the drug.
Physiology of Drug Abuse
DRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS
The Memory of Drugs
Amygdala
not lit up
Amygdala
activated
Anterior
Posterior
Nature Video
Cocaine Video
Categories of Drugs
Categories of Drugs
Stimulants
- “uppers”
- stimulate the central nervous system
- amphetamines, amyl nitrite, cocaine, crack, ecstasy
Depressants - “downers”
- depress the central nervous system
- alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Analgesics - powerful painkillers
- from opium poppy or synthetically produced
Hallucinogens - “psychedelics”
- dramatically alter perception
- LSD, psilocyn, psilocybin, cannabis, ecstasy
Drug
Street Names
Effects
OPIUM
black stuff, chandu
Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach
cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose,
watery eyes
MORPHINE
M, white stuff, white powder
Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach
cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose,
watery eyes
HEROIN
White, junk, powder, putih,
medicine
Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach
cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose,
watery eyes
CANNABIS
originated from the hemp
plant, Cannabis Sativa
marijuana, ganja, pot, grass,
joints
Loss of concentration and memory, heart rate increases,
poor balance & coordination, anxiety or panic,
depression, confusion
METHAMPHETAMINE
HYDROCHLORIDE
Ice, glass, crystal, quartz, icecream, hirropon, shabu
Ice has a strong effect on the nervous system and is
highly addictive. Loss of weight, impotency, severe
convulsions (fits), hallucinations, liver & kidney damage,
damage to the heart, stroke & death.
METHYLENEDIOCYMETHAMPHETAMINE
(MDMA)
Ecstasy, Pink or Pink Lady,
Snow White, Playboy, Apple,
XTC
Blood pressure and increase in pulse rate, false feelings
of confidence & closeness with others, dehydration,
convulsions, vomiting & anxiety.
KETAMINE
Also known as "K", Special K,
Vitamin K,
Ket, Kit kat
Hallucination, Altered sensation, mood and
consciousness, Affected judgment and co-ordination,
distorted hearing, touch, smell, taste and visual
sensation, nausea and vomiting, memory loss
YABA
Methamphetamine tablet, crazy
horse, mad medicine
Increased heart beat, dehydration, paranoid feeling,
sweating, insomnia, irritability, depression
Cocaine Powder
Cracked cocaine
cocaine
Amphetamines in various capsules
Barbiturate Pills
Benzodiazepine
Pills
seeds
Marijuana leaves
In joint rolling
In plastic bag
In block
Cannabis
Coca leaves and powder
Codeine in various form
Hashish Oil
Depressant
Pills
Downers
(various)
Heroin in plastic
Heroin in various forms
with balloons
Heroin in
off white powder form
Morphine
Methadone
Morphine in various forms
Opium
Opium pod & derivatives
oxycontin
Drug User Paraphernalia
Drug User Paraphernalia
Effects of
Drugs on
Drug User’s
Mind
Effects on the Mind
Caffeine
CaffeinismNervousness, irritability, tremulousness, muscle
twitching, insomnia, flushed appearance, elevated body
temperature, palpitations, heart arrhythmia, and
gastrointestinal disturbances
Cocaine effects
• Acute toxicity may lead to profound CNS
stimulation with convulsions and respiratory
and/or cardiac arrest.
• Chronic Toxicity may lead to irritation of the
nasal septum, perforation of the nasal septum,
irritability, restlessness and paranoid psychosis.
Cocaine contd
• Dependence
• Poor nutrition
• Children with low birth weight (in pregnant
women using cocaine).
• Endocarditis, septicemia, HIV spread, hepatitis
B, and C, pulmonary embolism and
granulomas.
Amphetamine effects
Beneficial effects:
• Weight control
• Staying awake for long hours by long
distance drivers, students during exams.
• Psychiatric conditions, e.g. Attention deficit
hyperactivity syndrome, narcolepsy
Amphetamine effects.
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Paranoid Schizophrenia-like disorder
Insomnia
Irritability
Confusion
Hostility
Visual hallucination
Cannabis Effects
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Redness of the eyes,
Carelessness about dress
Time consciousness may be poor
Dependence
Impaired driving skill
Panic reaction
Reproductive Effects – low sperm count and reduced
testosterone level
• Immune system – Reduced immunity
• Amotivational Syndrome
• Insanity – Paranoid type
Summary of the Effects of Drugs.
• excitable, hostile, violent, destructive behavior, outbreaks of temper
• unsteadiness, clumsiness
• slurred speech, talking to oneself
• in a state of confusion
• dreamy, hallucinations
• lack of personal hygiene
• loss of concentration or attention
• loss of interest in personal care & appearance, food, family activity
• social withdrawal
• sudden decline in attendance or performance in school
• frequent job hopping
• frequents places like storage rooms, toilets, isolated corners
• sores on nose & mouth (glue sniffers), runny nose, bloodshot eyes
• smell solvents on breath, clothes, hair (glue sniffers)
Drug Abuse is a
preventable behavior
and
Drug Addiction is
a treatable disease
Prevention Programs should . . . .
Enhance Protective Factors
 strong family bonds
 parental monitoring
 parental involvement
 success in school performance
 prosocial institutions
 conventional norms about drug use
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