Transcript Kava - ISpatula

Resins
&
Resin combination
Resins and Resin combination
Definition :
–
–
–
–
Amorphous products
Complex chemical nature
Formed in schizogenous or in
schizolysigenous ducts or cavities.
Chemical composition :
 Resin
Acids
 Resin Alcohols
 Resinotannols
 Esters and resenes
Resin Acids
Abietic Acid
Resin Alcohol
Resintannol
Esters and Resenes
Podophyllum
L.N: podophyllum
peltatum.
F.N: Berberidaceae.
Part used: dried
rhizome.
Chemical composition :
Use and Doses :
Podophyllotoxin display a range of
activities such as cathartic, purgative,
antiviral, vesicant, and antihelminthic.
Additionally, the lignan and its derivatives
are exciting leads for anti-tumor agent. For
instance, podophyllotoxin is the
pharmacological precursor for the
important anticancer drug etoposide
It is also used as a gel or solution to treat
genital warts with noticeably shorter
Podophyllotoxin's anticancer property can be
attributed to the inhibition of tubulin
polymerization. As podophyllotoxin binds to the
tubulin, microtubule formation is prevented.
Consequently, podophyllotoxin arrests the cell
cycle in the metaphase.
Podophyllotoxin derivatives display binding
activity to the enzyme topoisomerase II during
the late S and early G2 stage. For instance,
etoposide binds and stablizes the temporary
break caused by the enzyme, disrupts the
reparation of the break through which the
double-stranded DNA passes, and consequently
stops DNA unwinding and replication
Colocynth
L.N: citrullus
colocynthis.
F.N: cucurbitaceae.
Part used: fruits.
Part used: fruits
Constituents :
Phytosterol glycoside
Pectin
Citrollol
B cucurbitacin
Colocynthin
Use and Doses :
Purgative
120 mg
Jalap
L.N: exogonium purga
F.N: convolvulaceae
Part used : dried
tuberous
Part used : dried tuberous
Constituent :
Resin 8-12%
Volatile Oil
Starch
Gum
Sugar
Ipurganol glycoside
Phytosterol glycoside
Use and Doses :
Cathartic (hydragogue)
Usual dose 125mg
Ipomea (scammony)
L.N: Ipomoea
orisabensis
F.N: convolvulaceae
Part used : dried root
Constituent :
Resin 6-18%
Scopoletin (3,4,dihydroxy cinnamic acid).
Sitosterol glycoside
Use and Doses:
Cathartic with hydragogue
Usual dose 1g.
Mastic
Is the concrete
resinous exudation
from: (L.N) Pistacia
Lentiscus
F.N: Anacardiaceae
Part used : resinous exudation
Constituents :
Resin 90%
Volatile Oil 1-2.5% with the balsamic odor
Use and Doses:
Mastic is a pharmaceutic aid
kava
L.N: Piper
methysticum
F.N: Piperaceae
Part used : dried
rhizome
Part used : dried rhizome
Chemical composition :
Constituents :
Resin
Dihydromethysticin
Use and Drugs:
Antipyretic
Local anesthetic
Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
Kava
Latin name: Piper methysticum
Other names: kava kava, kawa, kew, yagona,
sakau
Why People Use Kava:
– Anxiety
– Insomnia
– kava is perhaps best known for its relaxing qualities. Kava is said
to elevate mood, well-being, and contentment, and produce a
feeling of relaxation. Several studies have found that kava may
be useful in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and related
nervous disorders.
What's It Made Of?:
The main active ingredients in kava root are called
kavalactones (kavapyrones). The primary kavalactones
(including kawain, dihydrokawain, and methysticum)
have been extensively studied in laboratory and animal
studies. These substances have been found to reduce
convulsions, promote sleep, and relax muscles in
animals. They also have pain-relieving properties. This
may explain why chewing kava root tends to cause a
temporary numbness and tingling sensation on the
tongue.
Available Forms:
In some parts of the world, whole kava roots are chewed
for their medicinal value. Kava is also available in liquid
form, as tinctures or standardized extracts, and
powdered in capsules or tablets.
How to Take It:
Standardized dosage: 150 - 300 mg, 1 - 3 times
daily as needed for anxiety or nervousness,
standardized to contain 30 - 70 % kavalactones.
Most clinical trials have used the German kava
extract WS 1490.
Kava dried root: 2.0 - 4.0 grams as a decoction
(a preparation made by boiling down the herb in
water), up to 3 times daily.
It may take 4 weeks before you notice
improvement. Kava should not be taken for more
than 3 months without a 2-week rest period.
Kava is a herbal sedative with purported
antianxiety or calming effects:
In one case series involving four patients,
kava was associated with extrapyramidal
effects at dosages of 100 to 450 mg per day.
The extrapyrydimal side effects included oral
and lingual dyskinesia, torticollis, painful
twisting movements of the trunk, oculogyric
crisis and exacerbation of Parkinson’s
disease.
Kava has also been shown to have additive
effects with central nervous system depressants:
A patient who was taking alprazolam (Xanax),
cimetidine (Tagamet) and terazosin (Hytrin)
became lethargic and disoriented after ingesting
kava.
This report involved a 54-year-old man who was
admitted to an emergency room in a semicomatose state. He was lethargic and disoriented.
His drug screen was positive for benzodiazepines.
After several hours, the patient became more alert
and told physicians he had been taking a “natural
tranquilizer” called kava for the past three days
while taking his other medications (alprazolam,
cimetidine and terazosin).
Additionally, four cases of involuntary
movements were reported when kava
and levodopa were taken together.
After the patients discontinued kava,
the dyskinesia resolved.
Several cases of allergic reactions
on patients taking kava increase,
kava is lipophilic, it was
hypothesized that kava concentrate
is sebaceous oils and trigger an
immune response, resulting in drug
reaction.
Possible Interactions:
Do not take kava unless you are under the
supervision of a qualified health care provider,
especially if you are being treated for any
disease. Do not take kava with any prescription
and non-prescription medications.
Kava kava may interact with the following:
Anticonvulsants -- Kava may increase the
effects of medications used to treat seizures.
Alcohol -- Do not use kava and alcohol
together. The risk of impairment and the risk of
liver damage are greatly increased.
Anxiety agents -- Kava may increase the effects of CNS
depressants such as benzodiazepines, used for sleep
disturbances or anxiety (particularly alprazolam), and
barbiturates (such as pentobarbital) which are used for
sleep disorders and seizures.
Antipsychotic medications -- Kava may increase the
risk of side effects associated with phenothiazine
medications (often used for the treatment of
schizophrenia), including chlorpromazine and
promethazine.
Levodopa -- There has been at least one report that
kava may reduce the effectiveness of levodopa, a
medication used to treat Parkinson's disease. Therefore,
you should not take this herb if you are taking any
medications containing levodopa or if you have
Parkinson's disease.
What the Science Says
Although scientific studies provide some
evidence that kava may be beneficial for the
management of anxiety, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has issued a warning that
using kava supplements has been linked to a
risk of severe liver damage.
Kava is not a proven therapy for other uses.
NCCAM-funded studies on kava were
suspended after the FDA issued its warning.
Oleoresins
 Definition:
 Homogenous
Oils
mixture of Resin and Volatile
Turpentine
L.N: Pinus palustris
F.N: Pinaceae
Part used : concrete
oleoresin obtained
from pinus palustris
(Gum Turpentine)
Preparation of Turpentine
Preparation of Turpentine
Constituent :
Volatile Oil & Resin
Use and Doses
It is employed externally as a counterirritant
Aspidium (Male Fern)
L.N: Dryopteris filixmas
F.N: Polypodiaceae
Part used : rhizome
Part used : dried rhizome
Constituents :
 Filicic
Acid
 Filicin
phloroglucinol
Use and Doses
Antihelmentic (taenifuge)
Usual dose 5g .
Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper)
L.N: Capsicum
fructescens
F.N: Solanaceae
Part used: fruit
Part used : fruits
Chemical composition :
Constituents :
Volatile Oil 1.5%
Vitamin C up to 0.2%
Use and Doses
Capsicum is an irritant and a carminative
and stimulant
Usual dose 60mg
Ginger (Zingiber)
L.N: Zingiber officinale ,
Roscoe
F.N: Zingiberaceae
Part used : dried
rhizome
Part used : dried rhizome
Constituents :
Volatile Oil 1-3%
Zingeberon (sesquiterpenes)
Zingeron
Use and Doses
Ginger is classed as a flavor
Aromatic stimulant
Usual dose 0.6g
Ginger is a soothing remedy for the
stomach and an aid for indigestion.
Larger doses have considerable
therapeutic effects. Larger than dietary
doses of ginger root (Zingiber officinale)
are used to help fight nausea,
inflammation and indigestion.
The exact mechanism of action of ginger
is not known.
Chemical constituents of ginger have
demonstrated the ability to inhibit platelet
aggregation, inhibit prostaglandin
synthesis, and antagonize 5-HT3
receptors.
There have been no specific drug
interactions noted with ginger.
Empirical evidence suggests that it
should be used with caution when
patients are currently on anticoagulant
therapy.
Yet, no case reports of bleeding
complications could be found.
Ginger is also considered to be
contraindicated for patients with
gallstones.
This is due to empirical and animal
evidence suggesting that ginger is a
cholagogue, or a stimulator of bile flow.
Paradoxically, this botanical has an
argument for contraindication and efficacy
when used in pregnancy.
Empirical evidence has stated that ginger,
when taken in larger amounts, can have
emmenogogue and abortifacient effects.
In contrast, there have been clinical trials
showing safety and efficacy in nausea
associated with pregnancy.
The dose used was 250 mg powdered
ginger, four times a day. This appears to
be the maximum dose to ensure safety in
pregnancy.
Many authors feel that ginger can be
another treatment option for nausea
during pregnancy.
Asafetida
L.N: Ferula asafoetida
F.N: apiaceae
Part used :
oleogumresin obtained
by incising the living
rhizome’and root
Part used : oleogumresin
Constituents :
Volatile Oil 20%
Asaresinotannol 40%
Gum 20%
Ferulic acid
Name
3-hydroxypicolinic
acid (3-hydroxy-2pyridinecarboxylic
acid)
nicotinic acid-Noxide
2'-6'dihydroxyacetophe
none
gentisic acid
(2,5dihydroxybenzoic
acid)
a-cyano-4hydroxycinnamic
acid
ferulic acid
(4-hydroxy-3methoxycinnamic
acid)
sinapinic acid
(3,5-dimethoxy-4hydroxycinnamic
acid)
Monoisotopic Mass
[M+H]+
Average Mass
[M+H]+
C6H5NO3
140.0347
140.119
C6H5NO3
140.0347
140.119
C8H8O3
153.0552
153.158
C7H6O4
155.0344
155.130
C10H7NO3
190.0502
190.178
C10H10O4
195.0657
195.195
C11H12O5
225.0763
225.222
Molecular Structure Molecular Formula
Use and Doses
Carminative
Expectorant
Antispapmodic
Laxative
Usual dose 400mg
Storax
L.N: Liquidambar
orientalis
F.N:
Hamamelidaceae
Part used : Balsam
obtained from the
trunk of
Liquidambar
Part used : Balsam
Balsams
Balsams are resinous mixtures that
contain large proportions of cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid or both or esters of these
acids.
The term “balsam” is often wrongly applied
to oleoresins and should be reserved for
such substances as balsam of Peru,
balsam of Tolu and storax, which contain a
high proportion of aromatic balsamic
acids.
Constituents :
Resin alcohols :
α-storesin
β-storesin
Cinnamyl cinnamate
Cinnamate 10-20%
Cinnamyl cinnamate 5%
Free cinnamic acid
vanillin
Vanillin
Use and Doses
Pharmaceutic aid
Stimulant
Expectorant
Antiseptic
Usual dose 1g
Peruvian Balsam

L.N: Myroxylon
Pereirae
 F.N: Fabaceae
 Part used : the Balsam
is a pathologic
prodcuct .
Part used : Balsam
Constituents :
Cinnamein 60% (benzyl cinnamate and
benzyl benzoate)
Peruresinotannol
Vanillin
Benzyl cinnamate
Benzyl benzoate
Vanillin
Use and Dose
Parasiticide
Pharmaceutics : alcoholic solution , and
ointment.
Tolu Balsam
L.N: Myroxylon
balsamum
F.N: Fabaceae
Part used : balsam
of Tolu considered to
be a pathologic
product .
Part used : Balsam
Constituents :
Toluresinotannol cinnamate
Volatile Oil 7-8%
Free benzoic acid
Free cinnamic acid
cinnamein
benzoic acid
cinnamic acid
Use and Dose
Expectorant
Flvoring
Benzoin
L.N: Styrax
Benzoin
F.N: Styraceae
Part used : the
balsamic resin
obtained from
Styrax
Part used : balsam resin
Constituents :
Cinnamic acid 10%
Benzoic acid 6%
Benzyl benzoate
Use and Dose
Antiseptic
Stimulant
Expectorant
diuretic
Myrrh (Gum myrrh)
L.N: Commiphora
Abyssinica
F.N: Burseraceae
Part used :
oleogumresin
Part used : oleogumresin
Constituents:
Resin 25% (commiphoric acid)
Pyrocatechin
Pyrocatechin
Use and Doses
Stimulant and a stomachic