Transcript drug probe
Module 1-b Biological Barriers Biological Barriers Human barriers Skin Mucosa External barriers DRUG DRUG Cellular Delivery PROBE PROBE En route barriers Cellular barriers Endosomal/lysosomal degradation Blood Extracellular matrix Inefficient translocation to the targeted sub-cellular organelles Common Routes of Administration Human Barrier (Errors) First Pass Mechanism Metabolism occurs during the absorption process. The fraction of the initial dose appearing in the portal vein is the fraction absorbed, and the fraction reaching the blood circulation after the first-pass through the liver defines the bioavailability of the drug. Histologic image of human epidermis Source: Grays Anatomy Composition of gastric mucus Source: DOI: 10.5772/23951 Possible destabilization and degradation pathways of probes during in vivo circulation Immunoglobulins, complement proteins, albumin, apolipoprotein and fibrinogen. adsorbs on the surface of nanoparticles and tag them for attack by the MPS. Mononuclear phagocyte system: (MPS) Scavengers to engulf foreign particles Renal Clearance • Renal molecular weight cut-off: 48kDa • Renal size cut-off: ~10 nm • Anything beyond >10-20 nm may not be excreted • Size: ~10 nm Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) •Blood and brain junction, endothelial cells are tightly stitched together • Composed of smaller subunits, e.g. biochemical dimers, transmembrane proteins, occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), ZO-1 protein • Crossing BBB: disruption by osmotic means; biochemically by the use of vasoactive substances such as bradykinin; localized exposure to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) • Pore size upper limit ~12 nm (malignant glioma) • Polyethylenglycol, peptides….. A cortical microvessel stained for blood-brain barrier protein ZO-1 Cellular Barriers SUCCESS Degraded nanoparticle Excretion FALIURE Possible degradation routes • Acidic pH and enzymes (late endosomes -lysosomes). • Viscosity and intracellular enzymes of the cytosol. • Recycling (exocytosis) of the vesicle contents. Diffusion of Agents Through Cellular Bilayer Hydrophobic molecule Gases Polar (large) Hydrophobic molecule Charged molecule Polar (small) (a) ibuprofen, (b) aspirin, (c) erythromycin Charged molecule Polar (large) Glucose Polar (small) H2O, ethanol Charged molecule: activity of specific transport and channel proteins Can There be a Direct Access to the Cytoplasm? How can we avoid endosomal escape pathway? • Direct translocation across the plasma membrane is another suggested endocytic pathway • Does not depend on the metabolic activity of the cells. • Energy-independent • Receptor-independent • Transduction • Cell penetration peptides Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) Covalent Complex In vivo Clinical Trial Discovery approach approach PPTG SAP POLY R TAT PENETRATIN MPG TP10 PEP-1 SynB 1988 1994 1996 1997 TRANSPORTAN 2000 2001 2004 Phase IIb-3 M918 PrPr EB1 CADY 2006 2008 Extra Vascular NP: How Far Below We Could Drive the Size Down? Pan, Turner, Wooley Macromolecules, 2004, 37 (19), pp 7109–7115 Its all about ‘CONTROL’ A perfect Therapeutic Approach • Precise Targeting (Tissue/Cell/Molecular) • Precise Action (Maximize therapeutic action and minimize toxicity and side effects) • Precise Timing (On when it is needed, Off when it is not needed) Implicit in these design goals is the requirement for precise control mechanisms that can either respond to local environments automatically or respond to signals sent remotely. Characteristics of an ideal tumor-targeted Agent (1) Increase drug localization in the tumor through: (a) Passive targeting (b) Active targeting (2) Decrease drug localization in sensitive, non-target tissues (3) Ensure minimal drug leakage during transit to target (4) Protect the drug from degradation and from premature clearance (5) Retain the drug at the target site for the desired period of time (6) Facilitate cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking (7) Biocompatible and biodegradable Lammers T, et al. British Journal of Cancer 2008;99:392-397. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) • Describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism. • The four criteria all influence the drug levels and kinetics of drug exposure to the tissues. • Influence the performance and pharmacological activity of the compound as a drug. • LADME: L stands for "liberation" and deals with details of the route of administration such as what a tablet will do at a given gastric pH level, the creation of extended-release injectables for IM or SC use etc. ADME Other RES sites Local barriers Absorption Liver Distribution Systemic Circulation Target tissue Metabolism Kidney Excretion Clinically Utilized Drug Targeting Strategies Targeting Approaches There is a search dual-mode probes that can detect a tumor imaging) and destroy it (therapy) Ultrasound Redox-potential Temperature pH-sensitive DRUG DRUG DRUG Physical Targeting PROBE PROBE PROBE Active Targeting Passive Targeting Based on retention effect of particle of certain hydrodynamic size in cancerous tissues (e.g. Doxil) Based on nanoparticle functionalization for specific targeting of disease cells Proteins (antibodies and their fragments such as TAT), nucleic acids (aptamers), receptor ligands (peptides, vitamins, and carbohydrates EPR: Taking advantage of retention A. Tumorous tissues suffer of Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect (RES) B. Nanoparticles injected in the blood stream do not permeate through healthy tissues C. Blood vessels in the surrounding of tumorous tissues are defective and porous D. Nanoparticles injected in the blood permeate through blood vessels toward tumorous tissues, wherein they accumulate Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2007. Vol. 9, pp. 257–88 Clinical Example of EPR Doxil is a polyethylene glycol coated liposomal formulation of doxorubicin. Marketed by Ben Venue Laboratories of J&J. Outside the US, Doxil is known as Caelyx (Janssen). Approved by the FDA for treatment of ovarian cancer and multiple myeloma and an AIDS-related cancer.