Transcript Light - Weebly

Physical Science
EOCT Quick Review
Scientific Method
Independent Variable
- factor that, as it changes, affects the measure of another
variable.
Dependent Variable
- factor that changes as a result of changes in the other
variables.
Order of the Scientific Method:
Observation,
Question,
Hypothesis,
Experiment,
Conclusion
Hypothesis-Statement that answers the question and can be
tested
Scientific Method
Types of GraphsLine Graph-used to show relationship
Bar Graph-used when counting something
Circle/ Pie Graph-used with parts of a hole
(fractions, percentages)
SPS1. Students will investigate our current
understanding of the atom.
AtomThe smallest part of a substance that still has all
the same properties
Protons
(+), in nucleus
Neutrons
(no charge)-in nucleus
Electrons
(negative)-electron cloud
The farther from the nucleus, the more energy
SPS1. Students will investigate our current
understanding of the atom.
Valence Electronsoutermost electrons, most important in bonding
Mass number (atomic Mass)
= the # of protons + # neutrons
Atomic number
-the # of protons (different for each element)
IsotopeAtoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons
SPS1. Students will investigate our current
understanding of the atom.
Ionatoms who loose or gain electrons
Cationsloose electrons to form positive ions (Metals,
Groups 1-3)
Anionsgain electrons to form negative ions (Non-metals,
Groups 15-18)
SPS1. Students will investigate our current
understanding of the atom.
Covalent Bondselectrons are shared
Between 2 nonmetals (ex. CO2, CH4, )
Ionic Bondselectrons are missing or added
Between a metal and a nonmetal (ex. NaCl,
MgI2)
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its
classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
Matteranything that takes up space
Physical property –
is a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance.
Density-physical property of matter, ratio of
mass to volume (m/v
Other examples-Boiling Point, Color,
Conductivity, Malleability, Mass, Melting Point,
Odor, Shape, State of Matter
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its
classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
Chemical propertyhow matter changes into entirely new
substances.
Examples-Ability to Burn, Ability to Corrode,
Reactivity with Chemicals, Reactivity with Light
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its
classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
Binary Ionic Compounds
-ionic compounds with 2 ions,
predict formula using crossing method
To name
Write cation (+) first
Write anion (-), replace end with -ide
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its
classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
Covalent Moleculesatoms share valence electrons
To Name
Write the element farthest to the left first
Add a prefix to show how many atoms of that
element (ex. –di, -tri, -tetra)
Add a prefix for second atom (ex. –mono, -di, -tri,
-tetra
Add –ide to the end of the second atom
Ex. P2S5- diphosphorus pentasulfide
SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its
classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
Law of Conservation of Massthe mass of reactants = the mass of products in a
chemical reaction
Chemical Equations
Reactants  Products
Must be balanced
Types of Reactions
Synthesis- A + B AB
Decomposition AB A + B
Single Replacement A + BC  AC + B
Double Replacement AB + CD  AD + CB
SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics
and components of radioactivity.
Radioactivity-When unstable atoms decay
Alpha ( α ) radiation,
consist
of large helium (He) nuclei, can be stopped by
a piece of paper
Beta ( β ) radiation,
consist of small electrons (e−), more penetrating,
stopped by a wood board
Gamma ( γ ) rays.
This radiation is an extremely energetic form of light,
stopped by a thick layer of lead or concrete
SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics
and components of radioactivity.
half-lifetime required for one-half of the atoms to undergo
decay to isotopes of other atoms (Ex. Ra has a
half-life of 3.8 days so after 3.8 days ½ of the
sample is left, after 7.6 days ¼ of the sample is left)
Fissionatoms break apart and produce lighter elements,
used in nuclear energy
Fusionatoms join (fuse) and produce heavier elements,
occurs in the sun
SPS4. Students will investigate the
arrangement of the Periodic Table.
Valence electronsGroup 1 & 2- valence electrons = group #
Groups 13-18-take group # & subtract 10
Groups 1, 2, 13- lose electrons to form cations (+)
Groups 15, 16, 17- gain electrons to form anions (-)
SPS4. Students will investigate the
arrangement of the Periodic Table.
Metalsto the left, most are solids, known for luster and
conductivity
Alkali metalsGroup 1, very reactive
Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2, very reactive
Metalloids
-along the line between metals & Nonmetals, solids,
useful in electronics
SPS4. Students will investigate the
arrangement of the Periodic Table.
Metalloids
-along the line between metals & Nonmetals, solids,
useful in electronics
Nonmetals
-to the right, gases-O, N, Fl, Cl, and nobles gases,
others solids, do not conduct
Noble GasesGroup 18, least reactive
SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of
matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.
Solidsparticles vibrate but do not move, definite shape &
volume
Liquidmolecules held loosely, moving slightly, volume but
no shape
Gasatoms far apart, moving quickly, no volume or
shape
PlasmasGases with so much energy they loose electrons,
ex. Solar flares
SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of
matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.
Pressureforce per unit of surface area
↑ in temperature = ↑ in pressure
↑ in volume = ↓in pressure
SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of
matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.
SPS6. Students will investigate the
properties of solutions.
Solutionuniform type of mixture
Solutesubstance being dissolved, usually the smaller amount,
ex. The salt in saltwater
Solvent
-substance doing the dissolving, usually larger amount,
ex. The water in saltwater
SPS6. Students will investigate the
properties of solutions.
Solubilityability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, such as
water
Saturatedhas maximum amount of solute dissolved (full)
Unsaturatedbelow maximum, (not full)
Supersaturatedmore than maximum amount of solute, won’t dissolve
anymore (too full)
Conductivityability to conduct electricity, ionic solutions have high
conductivity
Concentrationhow much solute has been dissolved
↑ solubility by

Stirring

Break into smaller pieces

↑ the temperature
Solubility curve- graph that shows how the amount of
dissolved solute changes with temperature.
pH scalemeasure of how acidic or basic a solution is
Acidsforms H+ in solution,
taste sour, reacts with metals, conducts electricity
pH less than 7
Basesforms OH+,
taste bitter, feels slippery,
does not react with metal,
conducts electricity
pH greater than 7
Neutral-water
pH 7
SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow
of energy within a system.
Forms of Energy-Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical,
Nuclear, Radiant/ Light, Thermal, Sound,
Electromagnetic
Law of conservation of energy-energy cannot be
created nor destroyed
Types of Mechanical Energy
Kinetic Energy-energy of motion
Potential-stored energy of position
SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow
of energy within a system.
Energy Transformations
Chemical – burning →Heat –turbine
→Mechanical - generator →Electrical
SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow
of energy within a system.
Heat Transfer
Conduction-transfer of heat by direct contact,
ex. Touching a hot spoon
Conductors-materials that conduct heat, ex.
Metals
Insulators-materials that do not conduct
heat, ex. Plastic, wood
Convection-transfer of heat by heated fluids,
creates convection currents
Radiation-transfer of heat by electromagnetic
waves, ex. Sunlight heating a house
SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow
of energy within a system.
Specific heat capacity (C)-different substances
have the ability to absorb only a certain amount
of heat
 The amount of heat energy a substance gains
or loses,
Q= m C (Tf-Ti)
SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow
of energy within a system.
phase diagram-shows how a pure substance changes
from one phase to another based on the temperature,
T, and the pressure, P
SPS8. Students will determine relationships
among force, mass, and motion.
Force (F) F = m a, an action that can cause
motion
units are Newton’s
balanced forces-no change in motion
Unbalanced-change motion
Speed - distance per unit time
Velocity - speed & direction v=d/t, units of m/s
Acceleration -change in velocity over time a=(vfvi)/t, unit of m/s2
SPS8. Students will determine relationships
among force, mass, and motion.
Newton’s Laws
Newton’s First Law-an object at rest will stay at
rest
Inertia-object’s tendency to resist a change in
motion
•Large mass = more inertia
•Small mass = less inertia
Newton’s Second Law – F = ma
Newton’s Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
SPS8. Students will determine relationships
among force, mass, and motion.
Gravitational force-force between 2 objects
W=mg (g=acceleration due to gravity=9.8 m/s2)
Electromagnetic forces-forces due to electricity or
magnetism
Nuclear forces-forces exerted by the nucleus of an
atom
Frictional forces-force stop motion by changing to
heat
sliding, rolling, static
Work (W) - force applied over a distance, W = Fd,
units=joules (j)
SPS8. Students will determine relationships
among force, mass, and motion.
Simple machine-machines that work in 1
movement
examples-Inclined Plane, Lever, Pulley,
Screw, Wedge, Wheel and Axle
effort force(Fe)-applied force
resistance force (Fr)-force exerted by machine
mechanical advantage(MA)-number of times a
machine multiplies the effort force, MA= Fr/ Fe
SPS9. Students will investigate the
properties of waves.
Wave-disturbances that repeat the same cycle
of motion and transfer energy through matter or
empty space.
Mechanical Waves-transfer energy through
matter, ex. Water waves, sound waves
Electromagnetic Waves-can transfer energy
through vacuums, ex. Light & radio
SPS9. Students will investigate the
properties of waves.
Properties of Waves
Amplitude- distance from equilibrium to crest or
trough, small amplitude = little energy, large
amplitude= more energy
Wavelength(λ)-distance between crests or
troughs, shorter wavelength= more energy
Frequency(f)-# of waves per second, unit is hertz
(Hz)
Speed-how fast it moves
 depends on medium
 v=f λ
SPS9. Students will investigate the
properties of waves.
Sound-vibrations of medium
Requires a medium
Travels through all substances
v=343m/s
Electromagnetic
can travel through space
is absorbed by opaque substances
v=300,000km/s
SPS9. Students will investigate the
properties of waves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum(largest  smallest λ,
smallest  largest f)
Radio Waves-in TV, radio
Microwaves-absorbed by water=cooking
Infrared-the hotter the temp, the more infrared waves
Visible Light-ROY G BIV
Ultraviolet-from sun, UV lights, very hot objects
X-rays-from x-ray tubes, do not pass through
bones=X-rays
Gamma rays-from radioactive atoms, high
energy=very dangerous
SPS9. Students will investigate the
properties of waves.
Behavior of waves
Reflection-wave bounces off of an object
Refraction-wave bends when it hits a new medium
Diffraction-a wave passes through a hole or moves
past a barrier and spreads out in the region beyond the
hole or barrier
Interference-2 or more waves arrive at the same point
at the same time
Constructive-wave amplitudes add
Deconstructive-wave amplitudes cancel out
Doppler Effect- a sound source moves toward a
listener, causing the pitch, or apparent frequency, of the
sound to increase
SPS10. Students will investigate the
properties of electricity and magnetism.
Static electricity- the buildup of electric charges on an
object
Friction-rubbing causes charges to separate and build
up on an object
Conduction-electrons flow by direct contact
Induction-electrons are rearranged without touching
Electrical Current (I) -movement of electrical charges,
units=ampere (a)
Circuit-closed path for electrons to flow
SPS10. Students will investigate the
properties of electricity and magnetism.
Voltage (V)-potential energy between 2 places in a
circuit, units = volts (V)
Resistance (R)-opposition to flow, unit=ohms (Ω)
Ohm’s Law-V=IR
Types of Current
Alternating Current (AC)-electrons change direction
Direct Current (DC)-electrons move in the same
direction, ex. Batteries
SPS10. Students will investigate the
properties of electricity and magnetism.
Types of Circuits
Series-1 path in circuit
Parallel-different paths in 1 circuit
SPS10. Students will investigate the
properties of electricity and magnetism.
Magnetism-the force of attraction or repulsion that is
produced by an arrangement of electrons
Magnets have two poles: a north pole and a south pole
Unlike magnetic poles attract (N S)
like magnetic poles repel (N  N)
Electromagnet-magnet produced by electricity