Transcript Semester 2 Final review

SEMESTER 2 FINAL
REVIEW
Wellsville High School PE 902
Athletic Injuries, Treatment & Prevention
• Skeletal Bone – is a type of connective tissue consisting of both
living cells and minerals deposited in a matrix. Consists of 3 major
components: epiphysis (expanded, articulates), diaphysis (shaft of
bone), epiphyseal plates (growth plate).
• Cartilage – is a type of rigid connective tissue that provides support
and acts as a framework in many structures. Cartilage consists of
structures that act like a sponge and trap large quantities of water
which allows the cartilage to spring back after being compressed.
Cartilage has a poor blood supply, thus healing after injury is very
slow.
Athletic Injuries, Treatment & Prevention
• Anatomical Connective Tissue
• Tendons – attaches muscle directly to bone and primarily
composed of collagen fibers.
• Ligaments – connect bone to bone and play a major role in normal
movement and provides restraint to abnormal movement when
stress is placed on a joint.
• Synovial Joints – are composed of 2 or more bones that articulate
with one another to allow motion in one or more places.
• Muscles – muscle tissue is designed to contract and provide
movement of other tissues and organs.
Athletic Injuries, Treatment & Prevention
• Injuries to Connective Tissue
• Ligament Sprains – A sprain involves damage to a ligament that
provides support to a joint. A ligament is a tough, relatively inelastic
band of tissue that connects on bone to another
• Bone Fractures – Fractures are extremely common injuries among
the athletic population. They can be classified in 2 classes:
• Joint Injuries
• Dislocation – Occurs when at least one bone in an articulation is
forced out of its normal and proper alignment. Commonly occur in the
shoulder joint, elbow, fingers and rarely in the hip joint.
• Subluxation – Is like a dislocation except that in this situation a bone
pops out of its normal articulation but then goes right back into place.
Commonly occurs in the shoulder joint with the collar bone.
Athletic Injuries, Treatment & Prevention
• Muscle Strains – If a musculotendinous unit is over-stretched or forced to
contract against too much resistance exceeding its’ limit damage may
occur to the muscle fibers at the muscle-tendon juncture, in the tendon or
at the tendon attachment to the bone.
• Tendinitis – A term that can describe many conditions of a tendon.
Typically caused by overuse with physical activity and is one of the most
common injuries. It is an inflammation response within the tendon.
• Contusions – Essentially a bruise, caused by a blow from some external
object that causes the soft tissues to be compressed against the hard bone
underneath. If the blow is hard enough, capillaries rupture and allow
bleeding into the tissues. If the bleeding is superficial enough it will cause
a bluish-purple discoloration to the skin that may last for several days.
Athletic Injuries, Treatment & Prevention
• 2 Basic Types of Stretching
1. Ballistic Stretching – This type of stretching involves the use of
repetitive bouncing motions.
2.
Static Stretching – This type of stretching involves stretching a
muscle to the point of discomfort and then holding it at that
point for an extended period of time.
Sex Education
• 2 Types of STDs
• Bacterial STDs – Sexually Transmitted Diseases that can be
treated and cured medically. However bacterial STDs can still
leave scarring and lasting effects.
• Viral STDs – Sexually Transmitted Diseases that cannot be cured
medically but can be treated to sometimes reduce severity of
symptoms.
Sex Education
• Chlamydia
• Symptoms
• Often little symptoms which increases likelihood that a person will
spread it inadvertently to others.
• Men – painful urination, discharge from penis, & pain around testicles.
• Women - increase in vaginal discharge, burning with urination, pain or
bleeding with intercourse & lower abdominal pain or Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID).
Sex Education
• Gonorrhea
• Symptoms
• Men
• Incubation period of 2-7 Days.
• Urinary discomfort and a thick, yellowish-white or yellowish-green discharge
from the penis.
• Lymph glands in the groin can become enlarged and swollen.
• Women
• Urinary Pain
• Severe Menstrual Cramps
• PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
Sex Education
• Gonorrhea
• Diagnosis & Treatment
• Diagnosed by samples of urine and other fluid.
• Treated by expensive antibiotics.
• Gonorrhea has become resistant to a lot antibiotics which makes it
much more difficult and expensive to treat.
• Untreated Gonorrhea can cause serious and permenent health
problems. Epididymitis in males (painful condition of the tubes attached
to testicles. Damaged fallopian tubes in women and internal abscesses.
Sex Education
• Syphilis
• Symptoms
• Multiple Stages of Syphilis
• Primary Stage
• Chancre sore 10-90 days after exposure.
• Chancre sores found in genital area or other sites of body.
• Chancre sores contain high amounts of bacteria which makes them extremely
contagious.
• Chancre sores will heal on their own in 3-6 weeks.
• If Primary Syphilis isn’t treated it will progress to secondary stage.
• Secondary Stage
• Rash may cover entire body and usually palms of hands and soles of feet.
• Areas of rash are highly contagious and take weeks to months to heal.
• If secondary syphilis goes untreated it can come back and last for years and can
appear 10-30 years after the infection.
• Other symptoms can include: organ damage, heart damage, fever, swollen lymph
nodes, muscle aches, hair loss and headaches.
Sex Education
• HIV / AIDS
• HIV - Immunodeficiency Virus – The virus that causes HIV infection
and AIDS.
• HIV lives only within cells and body fluids, not outside the body.
• HIV is transmitted by blood, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions and
breast milk.
• The 3 main routes of HIV transmission are from specific kinds of sexual
contact, from direct exposure to infected blood and from and HIVinfected women to her fetus during pregnancy.
• Sexual transmission and sharing of intravenous drug needles are the 2
most common ways HIV is transmitted.
• AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus - A generally fatal,
incurable, sexually transmitted viral disease.
Sex Education
• Herpes
• 2 Types of Herpes
• 1. HSV-1 – Is an oral virus (cold sores / fever blisters) and is transferred
by oral to genital contact. HSV-1 is highly common in adults because
they have had cold sores or fever blisters in the mouth area.
• 2. HSV-2 – is usually transmitted from the genitals during sex and more
common in women.
Sex Education
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• The virus that causes human warts, including genital warts.
• HPV is generally passed on through genital contact, most often
during vaginal and anal sex.
• HPV may also be passed on during oral sex, genital-to-genital
contact and even skin-to-skin contact.
• A person can have HPV even if years have passed since he or she
had sexual contact with an infected person.
• Most infected persons do not realize they are infected or that they
are passing the virus on to a sex partner.
• HPV can cause normal cells on infected skin to turn abnormal.
Sex Education
• STD Prevention
• Abstinence – abstaining (not having) sex or sexual (skin to skin)
contact.
• Monogamy – having sex with only 1 clean partner that has never
had sexual contact with any other partners.
• Birth Control
• 3 Types
1. Reversible
2. Barrier
3. Permanent
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Drugs – Any chemical other than food intended to affect
the structure or functioning of the body.
• Intoxication – The state of being mentally affected by a
chemical (literally, the state of being poisoned).
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Addiction – the term applied only when the habitual use
of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body,
such as tolerance, cravings or withdraws (dependence).
• Substance Abuse – a maladaptive pattern of use of any
substance that persists despite adverse social,
psychological, or medical consequences. The pattern
may be intermittent, with or without tolerance and physical
dependence.
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• 2 Categories
• Depressant Drugs - Reduce anxiety, mood changes (irritability,
abusiveness) lowered inhibitions, impaired muscle coordination,
reduced pulse rate, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory
depression, death. Slow down the central nervous system.
• Stimulants – Stimulate the central nervous system. The potential
short-term side effects include: Increased heart rate, blood
pressure, metabolism, increased mental alertness and energy,
nervousness, insomnia, impulsive behavior, reduced appetite,
disturbed sleep and high doses can cause death.
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Depressants:
• Opioids – Commonly prescribed to relieve pain. Painkillers are the
most commonly abused drugs among teens after tobacco, alcohol
and marijuana. Opioids come from the Asian oppium poppy plant.
Examples: Herion, Morphine, Codeine, Hydrocodone.
• Marijuana - Marijuana is a mixture of the dried and shredded
leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the cannabis sativa plant. The
mixture can be green, brown, or gray.
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Stimulants:
• Meth - Meth is a white, bitter powder and easily dissolves in water
or alcohol. Sometimes it's made into a white pill or a shiny, white or
clear rock called a crystal. Although most of the meth used in the
United States comes from “superlabs”—big illegal laboratories that
make meth in large quantities—it is also made in small laboratories
using inexpensive, over-the-counter and often toxic ingredients like
drain cleaner, battery acid, and antifreeze.
• Cocaine
• Crack
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Hallucinogens – Give you altered states of perception
and feeling. Can cause nausea, increased heart rate,
blood pressure, delirium, numbness, weakness, panic and
depersonalization.
• Inhalants - This type of drug is usually huffed or inhaled
and comes from volatile solvents, aerosols, gases and
nitrites.
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Chemistry of Alcohol:
• Ethyl Alcohol – the intoxicating ingredient in fermented liquors; a colorless,
pungent liquid.
• Immediate Effects of Alcohol:
• Increased Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) – measure of intoxication.
• Low doses induce relaxation and release inhibitions.
• High doses lead to flushing & sweating, disturbed sleep and hangover
characterized by headache, nausea and dehydration.
Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco
• Nicotine – A poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco
and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco.
• Effects of Smoking:
• Cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke, hypertension, high cholesterol)
• Lung Disease
• Osteoporosis
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Tooth Decay
• Gum Disease
• Bad Breath
• Ulcers
• Wrinkling of the skin
• Discolored teeth
• Early Menopause