Transcript CHAPTER 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS

Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGICAL
METHODS
Section 1: Conducting Research
Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Section 3: Methods of Observation
Section 4: The Experimental Method
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Steps in Scientific Research:
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Form a question (posing a question based
on experience, psychological theory or
common knowledge)
Form a hypothesis (making an educated
guess)
Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence
through any of a variety of means)
Analyze Results (looking for patterns or
relationships in the evidence)
Draw a conclusion (determining whether the
findings support the hypothesis and
adjusting it if they do not)
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IMPORTANCE OF PROPER
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Samples must be selected scientifically to
ensure that the samples accurately represent
the populations they are supposed to represent
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Opening – 08-26-15
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Define independent variable.
Define dependent variable.
Identify each in this hypothesis:
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If a dog gets more affection when it sits, then it will
sit more.
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION
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Survey
Testing Method – several types of tests measure
various elements of human behavior such as
abilities, interests, and personality
Case-study Method – researchers conduct in-depth
investigations of individuals or small groups
Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are
observed at intervals over an extended period of
time
Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the
differences and similarities among people in
different age groups at a given time
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METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)
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Naturalistic-Observation Method –
researchers observe the behavior of people
or animals in their natural habitats
Laboratory-Observation Method –
participants are observed in a laboratory
setting
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CORRELATION
 Correlation measures how closely one thing
is related to another
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PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS
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Researchers conduct experiments to learn
about cause and effect.
Elements of experiments include independent
and dependent variables, experimental and
control groups, and the placebo effect.
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Typical Experiment
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2 groups of subjects
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Experimental Group- exposed to the independent
variable* that is being analyazed. AKA the cause
of the behavior.
Control Group: exposed to all the conditions
except the independent variable.
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Provides a reference for comparison, isolates the impact
of independent variable (the item being investigated)
*Variable= is any condition that can change and might effect the
outcome of the experiment.
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3 Types of Experiment Variables
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Independent Variables
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Dependent Variables
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Suspected cause of behavior
Conditions altered by experimenter
Measures the results of experiment
Reveals the effects of Independent variable on behavior
Extraneous Variable
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Outside variable – the researcher try to exclude from
consideration
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Placebo Effect
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Drug studies may be influenced by
suggestion
The act of taking a pill or injection may
influence behavior= psychosomatic reaction.
Expectation may be a factor
To control the Placebo effect- single blind and
double blind experiments could be used.
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Opening 08/27/15
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Answer the following:
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What are the two groups in a research study?
Who gets the independent variable?
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Single Blind and Double Blind
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Single Blind- participants do not know if they
are receiving a placebo or the drug
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Double Blind- Neither the subject or the
patient know who has the drug or placebo
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Clinical Studies
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Single Subject – person
In-depth study of all aspects of a
single subject (not an experiment)
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Example of Phineas Gage
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ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH
 Protect study participants from harm
 Maintain the scientific integrity of the study
 Promote the dignity of the individual
 Foster human welfare
 Confidentiality
 Informed Consent
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Work session
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Finish station activities.
Complete worksheet from the table at the
front.
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Opening – 08/28/15
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On a separate sheet of paper, make a chart.
See the board for the template.
In your group, you will create a poster about
the observation method given. You will
include:
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Method type, description, advantages,
disadvantages
Then, you will rotate around to fill in your
chart.
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