Transcript Pharmacy lecture - Northwest ISD Moodle

Pharmacology
Objectives
 Learn and become familiar with Pharmacist and
Pharmacy technician careers and education
 Understand the categories of Pharmacology
 Know the schedules, names and types of drugs
 Become familiar with routes of administration
 Know drug interactions and classifications of drugs
1. Definition of Pharmacy
 Pharmacy: Derived from the Greek
word Pharmakon means medicine or
drug.
 Pharmacy: Is the art and science of
preparing, dispensing and proper
utilization of medications and the
provision of drug-related information to
the public.
Pharmacy
4- Pharmacist Career
1. Community pharmacist
2. Hospital pharmacist
3. Clinical pharmacist
4. Industrial pharmacist
5. Medical representative pharmacist
6. Academic (research) pharmacist
Community Pharmacist
 Definition: Pharmacist working in public pharmacy.
 Qualifications: Pharmacists must have a bachelor or a doctor of
Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), a 4-year professional degree. They also must be
licensed, which requires passing many under graduate exams..
 Job description:
1.
dispense prescription medications to patients
2.
offer expertise in the safe use of prescriptions.
3.
provide advice on how to lead a healthy lifestyle, conduct health and
wellness screenings
4.
provide immunizations
5.
oversee the medications given to patients.
Pharmacology Overview
Pharmacology
Field of medicine that specializes in the study of
drugs, their sources, appearance, chemistry,
actions, and uses
Drug
Any substance that when taken into the body,
may modify one or more of its functions
a substance intended for use in the diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of
disease.
Categories of Pharmacology
 Pharmacognosy – study of characteristics of
natural drugs and their sources
 Pharmacodynamics – study of what drugs do
to the body
 Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to
drugs
 Pharmacotherapeutics – study of how drugs
are used to treat disease
 Toxicology – study of poisonous effects of drug
Terms
Action of a drug: chemical changes or
effects that a drug has on body cells and
tissues
Adverse reaction: an unintended and
undesirable response to a drug
Indication: an illness or disorder for the
treatment of which a specific drug has
documented usefulness
Terms
OTC drugs: drugs that may be purchased
without a prescription
Pharmacodynamics: what drugs do to the
body and how drugs interact with body
tissue
Prescription drugs: require a prescription to
be dispensed
Side effect: an additional effect of a drug
that isn't the necessary purpose of the
medication, can be desirable or undesirable
Pharmacology Overview
Pharmacy
Drug store
Toxicology
Study of poisons, their detection, their effects
Establishing antidotes and methods of
treatment for conditions they produce
Sources of Drugs
Many drugs
originate as natural
products
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Bacteria or fungi
Name this source of drug
and the drug it is used to
make.
Foxglove to make digitoxin
Drug Laws
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
1938
Regulates quality, purity, potency, effectiveness,
safety, labeling, and packaging of food, drug,
and cosmetic products
Enforced by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)
Drug Laws
Controlled substance act
Regulates manufacture, distribution, and
dispensing and administration of
controlled substances
Drugs that have the potential of being
abused and of causing physical or
psychological dependence
Enforced by the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA)
Controlled
Substances or Schedule Drugs
Schedule I Drugs
Not considered to be legitimate for
medical use in the United States
Used for research only and cannot be
prescribed
High risk for abuse
Examples: LSD, heroin, marijuana
Controlled
Substances or Schedule Drugs
Schedule II Drugs
Accepted medical use but have a high potential
for abuse or addiction
Must be ordered by written prescription
Cannot be refilled without a new, written
prescription
Examples: morphine, cocaine, codeine, demerol,
dilaudid
Controlled
Substances or Schedule Drugs
Schedule III Drugs
Moderate potential for abuse or addiction, low
potential for physical dependence
May be ordered by written prescription or by
telephone order
Prescription expires in six months – may not be
refilled more than five times in six-month period
Examples: Tylenol with codeine, butisol, hycodan
Controlled
Substances or Schedule Drugs
Schedule IV Drugs
Less potential for abuse or addiction than those
of Schedule III, with limited physical
dependence
May be ordered by written prescription or by
telephone order
May be refilled up to five times in a six-month
period – prescription expires in six months
Examples: Librium, valium, darvon, equanil
Controlled
Substances or Schedule Drugs
Schedule V Drugs
Have a small potential for abuse or addiction
May be ordered by written prescription or by
telephone order
No limit on prescription refills
Some of these drugs may not need prescription
Examples: Robitussin-AC, donnagel-PG, lomotil
Drug Standards
Rules established to control strength,
quality, and purity of medications
prepared by various manufacturers
Require all preparations called by
the same drug name to be of a
uniform strength, quality, and purity
Drug Standards
United States Pharmacopeia/National
Formulary (USP/NF)
Contains formulas and information that provide
standards for preparation and dispensation of
drugs
Recognized by U.S. government as the official listing of
standardized drugs in the United States
FDCA specifies a drug is official when it is listed in
USP/NF
Drug References
Available for health professionals
responsible for safe administration of
medications
Provide the following information:
Composition, action, indications for use,
contraindications for use, precautions, side effects,
adverse reactions, route of administration, dosage
range, and what forms are available
Drug References
Hospital formulary
Lists all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital
pharmacy
Provides information about the characteristics of
drugs and their clinical use
Drug References
Physicians’ Desk Reference
Published yearly by Medical Economics
Company
Manufacturers pay to list information about their
products in the PDR
Same information that appears on Package
Inserts (as required by the FDA)
Generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse
effects, dosage, and route of administration
Drug References
Medical economics company references
Physicians’ Desk Reference for Nonprescription
Drugs
Physicians’ Reference for Ophthalmology
Drug Interactions and Side Effects Index
Indications Index
Drug References
 Drug facts and comparisons
 Loose-leaf binder reference that provides information
on drugs according to their therapeutic classification
 Same basic facts as other drug references
 Particularly helpful in comparing the various drugs within
each category to other products
 In reference to effectiveness, content, and cost
Drug Sources
Drug Names
Chemical name
Describes chemical structure of the drug
Formula that indicates composition of the drug
2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid
Drug Names
 Generic name
 Name that was established when drug was first
manufactured
 Written in lowercase letters
 Official name of a drug
 Each drug has only one generic name
 Original manufacturer is only company that can use
generic name for the first 17 years
Drug Names
 Brand name
 Name under which the drug is sold by a specific
manufacturer
 Spelling always begins with a capital letter
 Also known as the Trade Name
 Name is owned by the drug company and no other
company may use that name
 Each brand name carries a registered trademark symbol ®
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Drug actions
How drugs produce changes within the body
Drug effect
Changes that take place in the body as a result
of drug action
Slowing down or speeding up processes
Destroying certain cells or parts of cells
Replacing substances that the body lacks or fails to
produce
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Desired effect
Effect of drug in the body that was intended
Side effect
Additional effect on the body by the drug that
was not part of the goal for that medication
Not usually severe enough to warrant discontinuing the
medication
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Adverse reaction
One in which the body reacts to a drug in an
unexpected way that may endanger a patient’s
health and safety
Contraindication
Any special symptom or circumstance that
indicates that the use of a particular drug or
procedure is dangerous, not advised, or has not
been proven safe for administration
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Local effect
Response to a medication that is confined to a
specific part of the body
Systemic effect
Generalized or widespread response to a drug
by the body because it is absorbed into the
bloodstream
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Cumulation
Occurs when a drug is not completely excreted
from the body before another dose is given
Drug starts to accumulate in the body tissues
when repeated doses are given
Toxic effects may occur
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Idiosyncracy
An unusual, inappropriate response to a drug or
to the usual effective dose of a drug
Anaphylactic Shock = severe idiosyncratic
reaction
Acute respiratory distress, hypotension, edema,
tachycardia, cool pale skin, cyanosis, and possible
convulsions shortly after administration of the
medication
Drug Actions – Drug
Interactions
Potentiation
Occurs when two drugs administered together
produce a more powerful response than the sum
of their individual effects
Tolerance
Resistance to effect of a drug
A characteristic of drug addiction
Routes of Administration
 Oral
 Given by mouth and swallowed
 Advantage
 Easiest and safest method
 Most economical method
 Disadvantage
 Slow method of absorption
 Possibility of being destroyed by gastric juices
Routes of Administration
Sublingual
Placed under the tongue – dissolves in saliva
Advantage
More rapid absorption rate than oral
Higher concentration of medication reaches
bloodstream
Disadvantage
Not convenient route of administration for bad-tasting
medications or irritating medications
Routes of Administration
Buccal
Placed in mouth next to cheek (tablet
form)
Advantage
More rapid absorption rate than oral
Higher concentration of medication reaches
bloodstream
Disadvantage
Possibility of swallowing the pill
Routes of Administration
 Inhalation
 Medication is sprayed or inhaled into nose, throat, and
lungs
 Advantage
 Good absorption due to large surface contact area
 Provides rapid treatment
 Disadvantage
 Sometimes difficult to regulate dose
 Not suitable method for medications that irritate mucous
membrane lining
Routes of Administration
Rectal
Medication inserted into rectum and is
slowly absorbed into mucous membrane
lining of rectum (suppository)
Advantage
One method of choice when patient is
nauseated or cannot take medications orally
Disadvantage
Absorption is slow and irregular
Routes of Administration
Vaginal
Medication is inserted into the vagina in the form
of a suppository, cream, foam, or tablet
Advantage
Easiest method for treating the specific area
Disadvantage
Medications sometimes stain underwear
No other disadvantages
Routes of Administration
Topical
Medication is applied directly to the skin
or mucous membrane for a local effect to
area
Advantage
Easy method, convenient
Disadvantage
Slow absorption through skin
Routes of Administration
Transdermal
Method of applying a pre-measured amount of
medicine to unbroken skin through an adhesivebacked disk
Advantage
Good method for administering medications slowly into
bloodstream over a period of time
Disadvantage
Units can be dangerous if they come in contact with
skin of children or pets
Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Administered by injecting medication into body
using a needle and syringe
Must be in liquid form
Administered by one of following methods
Intradermal
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Routes of Administration
 Intradermal
 Small amount of medication is injected just beneath
epidermis
 Used for allergy testing, tuberculin skin testing, and some
vaccinations
 Needle Angle: 10 to 15-degree
Routes of Administration
 Intramuscular
 Medication is injected directly into muscle
 Used for administering antibiotics, medications that might
be irritating to layers of the skin, and medications that
require dosages larger than amount allowed for
subcutaneous injections
 Needle Angle: 90-degree
Routes of Administration
 Intravenous
 Medication is injected directly into the vein, entering the
bloodstream immediately
 Used when medication is needed quickly
 Used for infusing medication over a period of time, by
adding the medication to a bag of intravenous fluids
 Needle Angle: 25-degree
Routes of Administration
 Subcutaneous
 Medication is injected into subcutaneous layer, or fatty
tissue of skin
 Used for administering insulin, hormones, and local
anesthetics
 Needle Angle: 45-degree
Parenteral
Routes of Administration
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
Pharmacology
Analgesic
 Pronounced
(an-al-JEE-sik)
 General definition
 Relieves pain
 Example: acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, Bayer Children’s Aspirin
Anesthetic
 Pronounced
 (an-ess-THET-ik)
 General definition
 Partially or completely numbs or eliminates sensitivity
with or without loss of consciousness
 Example: lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Antiarrhythmic
Pronounced
(an-tee-ah-RITH-mik)
General definition
Corrects cardiac arrhythmias (irregular beats)
Example: digoxin (Lanoxin)
Antibiotic
(Anti-infective)
 Pronounced
 (an-tih-BYE-ot-ik)
 General definition
 Stops or controls growth of infection-causing
microorganisms
 Example: phenoxymethyl-penicillin sodium (Pen-Vee-K,
Penicillin VK, Veetids, V-Cillin K)
Anticoagulant
 Pronounced
 (an-ti-koh-AG-yoo-lant)
 General definition
 Prevents clot continuation and formation
 Example: warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
Anticonvulsant
Pronounced
(an-tih-kon-VULL-sant)
General definition
Prevents or relieves convulsions (seizures)
Example: clonazepam (Klonopin)
Antidepressant
 Pronounced
 (an-tih-dee-PRESS-ant)
 General definition
 Prevents, cures, or alleviates mental depression
 Example: amitriptyline hydrochloride (Elavil, Amitril)
Antidiabetic
Pronounced
(an-tih-dye-ah-BET-ik)
General definition
Helps control the blood sugar level
Example: metformin (Glucophage)
Antidiarrheal
 Pronounced
 (an-tih-dye-ah-REE-ul)
 General definition
 Prevents or treats diarrhea
 Example: loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium)
Antidiuretic
Pronounced
(an-tih-dye-yoo-REH-tic)
General definition
Suppresses the formation of urine
Example: vasopressin (Pitressin)
Antiemetic
Pronounced
(an-tih-ee-MET-ik)
General definition
Prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting
Example: meclizine hydrochloride (Bonine,
Dramamine II, Antivert)
Antifungal
Pronounced
(an-tih-FUNG-gal)
General definition
Destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
Example: fluconazole (Diflucan)
Antihistamine
Pronounced
(an-tih-HISS-tah-meen)
General definition
Opposes action of histamine, released in
allergic reactions
Example: cetirizine (Zyrtec)
Antihypertensive
 Pronounced
 (an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv)
 General definition
 Prevents or controls high blood pressure
 Example: nadolol (Corgard)
Anti-infective
(Antibiotic)
Pronounced
(an-tih-in-FEK-tiv)
General definition
Stops or controls the growth of infection-causing
microorganisms
Example: amoxycillin (Amoxil, Polymox)
Anti-Inflammatory
Pronounced
(an-tih-in-FLAM-ah-toh-ree)
General definition
Counteracts inflammation in body
Example: naproxen sodium (Anaprox, Aleve)
Antineoplastic
Pronounced
(an-tih-nee-oh-PLASS-tik)
General definition
Prevents development, growth, or
reproduction of cancerous cells
Example: fluorouracil (Adrucil)
Antitussive
Pronounced
(an-tih-TUSS-iv)
General definition
Relieves cough due to various causes
Example: dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Benylin
DM, Robitussin Pediatric, Vick’s Formula 44)
Antiulcer Agent
Pronounced
(an-tih-ULL-ser agent)
General definition
Treats and prevents peptic ulcer and gastric
hypersecretion
Example: ranitidine hydrochloride (Zantac)
Antiviral Agent
 Pronounced
 (an-tih-VYE-ral agent)
 General definition
 Treats various viral conditions such as serious herpes
virus infections, chickenpox, and influenza A
 Example: acyclovir (Zovirax)
Beta Blocker
 Pronounced
 (BAY-tah BLOCK-er)
 General definition
 Treats hypertension, angina, and various abnormal
heart rhythms
 Example: metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor)
Bronchodilator
 Pronounced
 (brong-koh-DYE-lay-tor)
 General definition
 Expands bronchial tubes by relaxing bronchial muscles
 Example: theophylline (Bronkodyl)
Calcium Channel Blocker
Pronounced
(KAL-see-um CHAN-ell BLOCK-er)
General definition
Treats hypertension, angina, and various
abnormal heart rhythms
Example: amlodipine (Norvasc)
Diuretic
Pronounced
(dye-yoor-RET-ik)
General definition
Increases urine secretion
Example: furosemide (Lasix)
Hormone
 Pronounced
 (HOR-mohn)
 General definition
 Treats deficiency states where specific hormone level
is abnormally low
 Example: estrogen, conjugated (Premarin)
Hypnotic
Pronounced
(hip-NOT-ik)
General definition
Induces sleep or dulls the senses
Example: pentobarbital (Nembutal)
Immunosuppressant
Pronounced
(im-yoo-noh-suh-PRESS-ant)
General definition
Suppresses the body’s natural immune
response to an antigen, as in treatment for
transplant patients
Example: cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
Laxative
 Pronounced
 (LACK-sah-tiv)
 General definition
 Prevents constipation or promotes the emptying of the
bowel contents with ease
 Example: docusate calcium (Surfak)
Lipid-Lowering Agent
 Pronounced
 (LIP-id lowering agent)
 General definition
 Reduces blood lipid (fat) levels
 Example: atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Sedative
 Pronounced
 (SED-ah-tiv)
 General definition
 Exerts a soothing or tranquilizing effect on the body
 Example: phenobarbital (Nembutal)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Pronounced
(SKELL-eh-tal muscle rih-LAK-sant)
General definition
Relieves muscle tension
Example: carisoprodol (Soma)
Vitamin
Pronounced
(VIGH-tah-min)
General definition
Prevents and treats vitamin deficiencies and
used as dietary supplement
Example: ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Common Charting
Abbreviations
 Guidelines
 Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand
 Serve as a universal language for medical professionals
 Provide specific information and/or orders in an abbreviated
format
 Health professional should use standard abbreviations
accepted by their place of employment
 When abbreviations have more than one meaning