Transcript 1000nalecture11a

Exam November 5 to November 11, 2003
NO CLASS on November 11, 2003!
I will be away Nov. 6 through Nov. 14
Exam results will not be posted until late
Nov. 17 or early Nov. 18
Emotional Asymmetry
Greater activation of right hemisphere
associated with negative affect
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
lack of motivation
clinical depression
greater activation of left PFC associated
with positive affect
Emotional Asymmetry
Greater activation of left hemisphere
associated with positive affect
left prefrontal cortex
increased confidence
increased effort to achieve goals
negative affective states (i.e., anxiety)
may suppress left PFC
Emotional Asymmetry
In general,
right hemisphere associated with:
interpretation and comprehension of emotional
material (such as faces)
emotional tone of speech
Stress
Fight - or - flight response
hypothalamus - pituitary activation
hormonal response
Tend - and - befriend response
General Adaptation
Syndrome
Read #4 on page 66
General Adaptation Syndrome
Coping Strategies
Emotion-focused coping
designed to prevent emotional response
enable functioning when faced with
uncontrollable stressor or high level of stress
includes
avoidance
minimizing problem
distancing oneself from outcomes
inappropriate strategies such as eating and
drinking
Coping Strategies
Problem-Focused Coping
when stressor is perceived as controllable
usually more effective over the long run
typically use both problem- and emotionfocused coping
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
Cross-sectional studies
differences between age groups (cohorts)
cannot assess individual development
Longitudinal studies
same individuals followed over time
Infant Cognitive Development
preferential looking
orienting reflex
pay attention longer to novel stimuli
habituation
Developmental Neuropsych
Relate maturational changes in the brain
to age-related behavioural development
Prenatal Development
Germinal stage
first two weeks after conception
implantation of zygote in uterine wall
Embryonic stage
two to eight weeks
vital organs such as heart, spine & brain
emerge
embryo extremely vulnerable at this stage
Prenatal Development
Fetal Stage
growth
sex organs start to develop during 3rd month
respiratory and digestive systems mature
brain cells multiply - myelination
Weiten p. 434
Environmental Factors
Maternal nutrition (moderate malnutrition)
infant apathy and irritability
reduced immunity to infections diseases
Severe malnutrition
birth complications
neurological deficits
cognitive deficits
Environmental Factors
Drug Use
Tobacco
increased risk for miscarriage
increased risk for prematurity
increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome
lower than average cognitive development
increased risk for attention deficit disorder
Environmental Factors
Drug Use
Heroin
born addicted
increased risk for birth defects
increased risk for prematurity
increased risk for respiratory problems
Prenatal alcohol exposure
Environmental Factors
Drug Use
Cocaine
born addicted
increased risk for birth defects
• heart abnormalities
• brain seizures
Prescription/over-the-counter drugs
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit.
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit.
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit.
Conservation
Assimilation - Accommodation
Cognitive Development
Theory of Mind
Development of Memory
Cognition in Adolescence
Ability to think about
possibilities
future
hypotheses
metacognition
ideals
morality
politics
religion
Cognition and Aging
5% incurable dementia
10 - 15% mild to moderate memory loss
25% of those over 85 suffer from
Alzheimer’s
Cognition and Aging
Processing speed
Attention
Working memory
encoding strategies
Aging and Mental Abilities
Aging and Mental Abilities
Circadian Rhythm Influence
Aging and Intelligence