Transcript lecture PARENTRAL PR..

PARENTERAL PRODUCTS
Parenteral products are dosage forms, which are delivered
to the patient by a injection or implantation through the
skin or other-external layers such as stratum corneum and
directed into the body fluids, tissues or organs.
The drug is then transport from the site of administration
to the site of action.
Parenteral therapy is used to:
l- Produce a local effect, e.g. local anesthetics for tooth
extraction.
2- Administer drugs if the oral route cannot be used.
3- Deliver drugs to the unconscious patient.
4- Rapidly correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
5- Ensure delivery of the drug to the target tissues.
6- Ensure delivery of adequate concentration of the drug to
diseased or target area of the body e.g. intraventicular
injection of aminoglycerides in meningitis
Route of Parenteral Administration
Routes of Administration
•Intravenous (IV)
•Intramuscular (IM)
•Subcutaneous (SQ)
•Intradermal (ID)
•Intraspinal
•Intra-arterial
•Intra-cardiac injections
•Intra- articular injections
Intravenous Injection (I.V.)
These are made into a vein, therefore are
introduced directly into the blood stream.
The volume injected varies from 1 ml or
less to 500 ml or even more.
Drugs are given by this route when a
very rapid effect is required.
Advantages
1) Predictable dosage
2) I.v. route may be used to administer drugs which are too
irritating or caustic when given by other routes.
Due to the rapid dilution in the circulating blood and the
general insensitivity of the venous wall to pain.
3) Immediate presence in blood plasma and provides
maximum availability and assurance in delivering the
drug to the site of action.
4) I.V. infusion, large - volume parenterals (LVP). can be
used to replace body fluids lost from the circulation as a
result of severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea or hemorrhage
Disadvantages
1) The risk of thrombosis is increased when
irritating IN. products are used.
2) A certain level of knowledge and skill are
required
for
safely
parenteral
administration.
3) The
rapidity
of
absorption
makes
antidoting very difficult, if not impossible
4) Only drugs in aqueous or hydroalcohloic
solution are to be given by IV route.
Intramuscular injection (I.M.)
I.M. route of administration is second only to the I.V.
route in rapidity onset of systemic action.
The volume is rarely greater than 2 ml and should not
exceed 4 ml at one site.
I.M. route is the only site to
be used for suspensions and
oily
solutions
and
can
tolerates them. because they
cause pain and irritation if
given
subcutaneously
or
cause blockage of small
blood
vessels
if
given
intravenously.
Subcutaneous or Hypodermic injection (S.Q.)
 These are made under the skin, into
the subcutaneous tissue.
 The volume injected is 2 ml or less.
 This is the most popular route for
administration of a
great variety of drugs including vaccines and insulin.
 Drugs
given by this route will have a slower onset of
action than by I.M. or IN. routes, and total absorption
may also be less.
 When daily or frequent administration is
required, the injection site should be
continuously changed.
Intradermal injections (I.D.)
These
are made into the skin, between the inner layer
(dermis) and the outer layer (epidermis).
 The
volume that can be injected intradermally is
necessarily small, usually 0.1- 0.2 ml.
 The
route is use mainly for diagnostic purposes in
investigations of immunity and allergy.
Intraspinal injections
 These
are
aqueous
solutions,
which are injected in volumes
less than 20ml into particular
areas of the spinal column.
 The
specific
gravity
of
these
injections may be adjusted to
localize the site of action of the
drug.
Injection
Intra- arterial injections
These are similar to I.V. injections
Used occasionally for an immediate effect
in a peripheral area:
to improve circulation to the extremities when
arterial flow is restricted by arterial spasm (early
gangrene)
To direct the drug to the target organ e.g. (liver,
spleen, lung)
to minimize the side effect of the drug in the other
body tissues (anticancer drugs) etc.,
Intra-cardiac injections
These are given into the heart muscle or ventricle in
emergency only as a stimulant following cardiac arrest.
using Adrenaline or isoprenaline.
Intra- articular injections
These are administered as an aqueous solution or suspension
into the synovial fluid in a joint cavity.
They are often used for the local administration of antiinflammatory agents.
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