12 L.Interventions for Clients with Infection
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Transcript 12 L.Interventions for Clients with Infection
Interventions for
Clients with
Infection
Types of Infection
Local
Systemic
Acute
Chronic
Nosocomial Infections
Infections
that are associated with
the delivery of health care services in
a health care facility
Point
of origin
1. Endogenous
2. Exogenous
3. Iatrogenic
Risks for Nosocomial Infection
Poor
hand washing
Compromised host – surgery/illness
Improper procedure technique –
dressing, suctioning, catherization
Improper cleaning/maintenance of
invasive devices – foley catheter, IV
line
Contamination of closed drainage
system – chest tubes
Chain of Infection
Etiologic
Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit from Reservoir
Method of Transmission
Portal of Entry into Susceptible Host
Susceptible Host
Etiologic Agents
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Resident
Transient
Reservoir
Environmental
Human
Animal/Insect
Portal of Exit from Reservoir
Mouth,
nose
Urinary tract
Wounds
Device insertion sites
Other orifices
Method of Transmission
Direct
Indirect
Vehicle-borne
Vector-borne
Airborne
Factors Increasing Susceptibility to
Infection
Age
Heredity
Level of stress
Nutritional status
Medications
Illness –
acute/chronic
Body Defenses Against Infection
Anatomic
& Physiologic Barriers
Inflammatory
Response
Antibody-Mediated
Cell-Mediated
Defenses
Defenses
Inflammatory Response
Five Signs:
Pain
2. Swelling
3. Redness
4. Heat
5. Impaired Function
1.
Three Stages:
Vascular and
cellular responses
2. Exudate production
3. Reparative phase
1.
Antibody-Mediated Defenses
Active
Infectious microorganisms
Vaccines
Passive
(Acquired)
Natural – breast milk
Artificial – immune serum
Cell-Mediated Defenses
T-cell
system – exposure to antigen
causes release into lymph system
1. Helper
2. Cytotoxic
3. Suppressor
Course of Infection
Incubation
period – time between
initial contact and appearance of
symptoms
Prodromal
stage – time from onset of
nonspecific symptoms to more
specific symptoms – transmission
possible
Course of Infection
Full/Illness
stage – time that specific
symptoms present – acute –
transmission possible
Convalescence
– time when
symptoms resolve and host returns
to pre-illness state
Laboratory Tests
1.
2.
3.
White blood cell count – Leukocyte
– nonspecific unless differential
done to break down types of WBC’s
– normal 4,500 – 11,000
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate –
ESR – increased rate of RBC’s
settling in presence of inflammatory
process
Culture & Sensitivity – C&S urine,
blood, sputum, wound – determines
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk
for Infection – PRIMARY
Potential Complications of Infection
Impaired Physical Mobility
Imbalanced Nutrition
Acute Pain
Impaired Social Interaction/Social
Isolation
Situational Low Self-Esteem
Anxiety
Interventions to Reduce Risk of
Infection
Preventing
1. Hand
Nosocomial Infections:
washing
2. Proper technique
3. Environmental controls
4. Management of clients at risk
Interventions to Reduce Risk of
Infection
Supporting
Host:
Defenses of Susceptible
1. Hygiene
2. Nutrition
3. Fluid
4. Rest
and sleep
5. Immunizations
6. Stress
Interventions to Reduce Risk of
Infection
Cleaning,
1. Cleaning
Disinfecting, Sterilizing
inhibits growth of
microorganisms
2. Disinfecting with chemicals –
bacteriostatic vs. bactericidial
3. Sterilizing – destroys all
microorganisms – including
spores/viruses – moist heat, gas,
boiling water, radiation
Standard Precautions
All
clients
Apply blood, body fluids,
excretions/secretions, non-intact
skin, mucous membranes
Designed to reduce risk of
transmission from all sources
Airborne Precautions
Infections
spread through air – TB,
varicella, rubeola
Private room – negative air
pressure/air exchange
Door closed
Respiratory equipment
Mask client in transport
Droplet Precautions
Large
particle droplet infections –
rubella, mumps, scarlet fever, some
pneumonias
Private room or cohort
Respiratory protective equipment –
within 3 feet of client
Transport client with mask
Contact Precautions
Infections
spread by direct/indirect
contact – wound infections, scabies,
antibiotic resistant infections –
MRSA, VRE
Private room or cohort
Gloves entering room – wash hands
in room
Personal protective equipment when
in direct contact with infected body
secretions
Protective Isolation
Protects
clients with compromised
immune systems
Private room
Protective garb worn in room –
gloves, gown, mask – may vary with
facility
No fresh fruits, vegetables, flowers
Client mask outside of room
Definitions
Pathogen
is any diseaseproducing microorganism.
Communicable is via person-toperson contact.
Pathogenicity is the ability to
cause disease.
Virulence is the degree of
communicability.
(Continued)
Definitions (Continued)
Normal
flora often competes with
microorganisms to prevent
infections.
Colonization is the
microorganism present in tissue,
but not yet causing symptomatic
disease.
Overview of Chain of Infection
Reservoirs
Pathogens
– Toxins
– Exotoxins
– Endotoxins
Immunity
Resistance
to infection is usually
associated with the presence of
antibodies or cells acting on
specific microorganisms.
(Continued)
Immunity (Continued)
Passive
immunity is of short
duration, either naturally by
placental transfer or artificially
by injection of antibodies.
Active immunity lasts for years
and occurs naturally by infection
or artificially by stimulation
(vaccine) of immune defenses.
Portal of Entry Sites
Respiratory
tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Skin/mucous membranes
Bloodstream
Mode of Transmission
Contact
transmission by direct or
indirect contact
Droplet transmission such as in
influenza
Airborne transmission such as in
tuberculosis
Vector-borne transmission
involving insect or animal
carriers, such as in Lyme disease
Physiologic Defenses Against
Infection
Body
tissues
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Specific defenses
– Antibody-mediated immune system
– Cell-mediated immunity
Infection Control in Inpatient
Health Care Agencies
Nosocomial
or health care–
associated infections are
infections acquired in the
inpatient health care setting
which were not present or
incubating at admission.
Endogenous infection is from a
client’s flora.
Exogenous infection is from
outside the client, often from the
Methods of Infection Control
Practice
hand hygiene and
proper hand washing.
Artificial fingernails create poor
hand hygiene.
Gloves should be worn.
The CDC provides guidelines for
disinfection and sterilization,
outlining standard precautions
for all modes of transmission.
Multiple Drug–Resistant
Infections
Multiple
drug–resistant
infections are no more
transmissible than their drugsensitive counterparts, S. aureus
and Enterococcus organisms.
To control antimicrobial
resistance in health care
settings, see the CDC program.
Problems from Inadequate
Antimicrobial Therapy
Noncompliance
or nonadherence
Legal sanctions that compel a
client to complete treatment,
such as in the instance of
tuberculosis
Septicemia
Septic shock
Collaborative Management
History
Physical
assessment and clinical
manifestations
Psychosocial assessment
(Continued)
Collaborative Management
(Continued)
Laboratory
including:
assessment
– Culture and antibiotic sensitivity
testing
– Complete blood count
– Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
– Serologic testing
– Radiographic and other assessment
Hyperthermia Interventions
Eliminate
the underlying cause of
hyperthermia and destroy the
causative microorganism.
Manage fever by:
– Drug therapy: antimicrobial,
antipyretic therapy
– External cooling, fluid
administration, and fans
Risk of Social Isolation
Interventions
include:
– Education about the mode of
transmission of infection and
mechanisms that spread it
– Assess coping mechanisms used in
the past.
– Maintain communication with the
client.
Health Teaching
Education
on these topics is vital
to client’s understanding of
transmission prevention
precautions:
– Infection control
– Drug therapy
– Psychosocial support
– Health care resources