Transcript File

Chapter 7 Lecture
Health: The Basics
Tenth Edition
Recognizing and
Avoiding Addiction
and Drug Abuse
Defining Addiction
• Defined as continued involvement with a substance or
activity despite its ongoing negative consequences.
• Physiological dependence- dependence of the mind
on a substance or behavior.
• Tolerance- increased amounts of the drug are needed
to produce desired effects.
• Withdrawal- series of temporary physical and
psychological symptoms that occurs when substance
use stops.
• Psychological dependence is the dependency of the
mind on a substance or behavior, which can lead to
psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety,
irritability, or cravings.
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Signs of Addiction
• Compulsion, which is characterized by obsession, or
excessive preoccupation, with the behavior and an
overwhelming need to perform it
• Loss of control, or the inability to predict reliably
whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be
healthy or damaging
• Negative consequences, such as physical damage,
legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, or
family dissolution, which do not occur with healthy
involvement in any behavior
• Denial, the inability to perceive that the behavior is selfdestructive
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Addiction Affects Family and Friends
• Codependence, a condition in which a
person is controlled by an addict's
addictive behavior
– Defined by lack of ability to set boundaries
– Living in a chaotic, crisis-oriented mode
– Assuming responsibility for meeting others'
needs to the point of subordinating own needs
or even being unaware of personal needs
• Enablers, people who knowingly or
unknowingly protect addicts from the
consequences of their behavior
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Addictive Behaviors
• Drug chemicals are not the only source of
addiction. People can become addicted to
certain behaviors.
• Process addictions are behaviors known
to be addictive because they are mood
altering.
• What are some examples of process
addictions?
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Disordered or Compulsive Gambling
• Characteristics of compulsive gamblers
– Preoccupation with gambling
– Unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit
– Using gambling to escape problems
– Lying to conceal the extent of gambling
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Compulsive Buying Disorder
• Shopping is often used as a way to make
people feel better about themselves, but
for compulsive shoppers, shopping
eventually makes them feel worse.
Symptoms include
– Buying more than one of the same item
– Keeping items in the closet with tags attached
– Repeatedly buying more than is needed or
can be afforded
– Hiding purchases from relatives and loved
ones
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Exercise Addiction
• A large portion of people with eating disorders
use exercise to purge, instead of, or in addition
to, self-induced vomiting.
• Exercise addicts use exercise compulsively to
meet needs for nurturance, intimacy, selfesteem, and self-competency.
• Warning signs include working out alone, rigid
exercise patterns, exercising for more than 2
hours daily, exercising when sick or injured or to
avoid social events, school, or work.
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Technology Addictions
• Cell phones, video games, PDAs, networking
sites, and the Internet can all be addictive.
• An estimated 1 in 8 Internet users will likely
experience Internet addiction.
• Symptoms include general disregard for one's
health, sleep deprivation, neglecting family and
friends, lack of physical activity, euphoria when
online, lower grades in school, and poor job
performance.
• Compensation for feelings of loneliness, marital
or work problems, a poor social life, or financial
problems
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What Is A Drug?
• Drugs are chemicals, other than food, that
are intended to affect the structure or
function of the mind or body through
chemical action.
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Types of Drugs
• Prescription: obtained only with a prescription
from a licensed physician
• Over-the-counter (OTC): no prescription
needed and more than 100,000 available
• Recreational: most are legal substances:
alcohol, tobacco, coffee, etc.
• Herbal preparations: products of plant origin
• Illicit (illegal): all are psychoactive
• Commercial: found in commercially sold
products such as household cleaners,
pesticides, etc.
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Drug Misuse and Abuse
• Abuse is often associated with illegal drugs, but
many people abuse and misuse legal drugs.
– Drug misuse—use for purpose not intended
– Drug abuse—excessive use
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Routes of Administration
• Oral Ingestion- MOST COMMON
• Inhalation
– Through the nose or mouth
– Has the most rapid effect
• Injection- MOST DANGEROUS
– Intravenous—into bloodstream
– Intramuscular—into muscle
– Subcutaneous—just under the skin
• Transdermal
– Absorbed through the skin
• Suppositories
– Through the vagina or anus
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CATRGORY
CAFFEINE
OTC DRUGS
PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS
STIMULANTS
CANNABIS
NARCOTICS
DEPRESSANTS
HALLUCINOGENS
INHALANTS
ANABOLIC
STEROIDS
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DEFINITION
DRUGS/
EXAMPLES
METHOD OF
ADMINISTRATION
POSSIBLE
EFFECTS
TYPE OF
DEPENDENCE
WITHDRAWAL
SYMPTOMS
Caffeine
• Most popular and widely consumed drug in the
United States
– Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called
xanthines, which are found in plant products such as
coffee, tea, and chocolate.
– Enhances mental alertness and reduces feelings of
fatigue.
– Side effects include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular
heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild
delirium, and heartburn.
– Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction:
tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal
symptoms.
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Abuse of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
• High doses can cause hallucinations, bizarre sleep patterns, mood
changes, and sometimes death.
– Those most vulnerable to abusing OTC drugs are teenagers,
young adults, and people over the age of 65.
• Sleep Aids
– Excedrin PM, Sominex, Unisom, and Tylenol PM
– Can cause problems with the sleep cycle, weaken areas of the
body, or induce narcolepsy.
• Cold Medicines
– Robitussin, Vicks, Coricidin, and NyQuil
– Dextromethorphan (DXM) can cause hallucinations, loss of
motor control, and "out-of body" sensations.
• Diet Pills
– Contain stimulants such as caffeine or Hoodia gordoni
– Ephedra was banned in 2004 after more than 16,000 adverse
side effects were reported.
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Prescription Drug Abuse
• Prescription drug abuse is particularly common among
teenagers and young adults.
• Abuse of opioids, narcotics, and pain relievers can result
in life-threatening respiratory depression (reduced
breathing).
• Abuse of depressants can result in seizures, respiratory
depression, and decreased heart rate.
• Abuse of stimulants can cause elevated body
temperature, irregular heart rate, cardiovascular system
failure, and fatal seizures.
• Injecting prescription drugs can expose abusers to HIV,
hepatitis B and C, and other blood-borne viruses.
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Illicit Drugs
• Illicit drug use spans all age groups,
genders, ethnicities, occupations,
socioeconomic groups.
• Marijuana use has risen in recent years.
• College Students and Illicit Drug Use
– In 2009 just over 50% of college students
reported trying any drug; a third have smoked
marijuana in the past year, and 20% have
done so in the past month.
– Cocaine use is down but LSD use has more
than doubled.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Stimulants
• Stimulants: increase activity of the central
nervous system.
• Cocaine
– White crystalline powder
– Derived from the leaves of the South American coca
shrub
– Cocaine rapidly enters bloodstream.
– Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage.
– Methods of use vary
• Freebase cocaine
• Crack
– Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly
psychiatric counseling and 12-step programs.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Stimulants
(cont.)
• Amphetamines
– Synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system
(CNS)
– Some are used for medicinal purposes.
– Ritalin and Adderall are used for attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).
– High potential for abuse
• Methamphetamine
–
–
–
–
Affects brain and CNS
Euphoria lasts 6 to 8 hours.
Methods of use: snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested
Short-term effects include increased physical activity, alertness,
rapid breathing, increased body temperature, insomnia, tremors,
anxiety, confusion, and decreased appetite.
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Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids
• Derived from either the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis
indica (hemp) plant.
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive
substance in marijuana; average concentration is 10
percent but some forms can contain up to 27%.
– Has many medical purposes as it controls nausea and vomiting,
improves appetite, and forestalls loss of lean muscle mass
associated with AIDS wasting syndrome, and reduces muscle
pain and spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis.
• Frequent and/or long-term use may increase risk for
testicular cancer, serious mental health problems,
suppressed immune system, and impaired memory.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Depressants
• Opioids
– Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce
euphoria
– Called narcotics
– Derived from opium
– Include morphine, codeine, heroin, and black
tar heroin
– Depress CNS and lower heart rate,
respiration, and blood pressure
– Decrease sex drive
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Depressants
(cont.)
• Heroin Addiction
– Heroin is a white powder derived from morphine.
• Black tar heroin is a sticky, dark brown, foul-smelling form of
heroin that is relatively pure and inexpensive.
– Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an intense
desire for the drug, sleep disturbances, dilated pupils,
and muscle tremors
– Mainlining—intravenous injection of powdered heroin
mixed in a solution; the most common route of
administration
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Treatment for Heroin Addiction
• Methadone Maintenance
– Blocks effects of opiates withdrawal
– Potentially addictive itself
• Naltrexone (Trexan)
– Opiate antagonist
– Lose compulsion to use heroin
• Temgesic (buprenorphine)
– Blocks cravings for heroin
– Non-addictive
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Depressants
• Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
– Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)
• The most common sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Valium, Ativan, and Xanax
– Barbiturates
• Sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Amytal and Seconal
• Less safe than benzodiazepines
– Synergistic effect when combined with alcohol, can
lead to respiratory failure and death.
– Can produce physical and psychological dependence
in several weeks.
– Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to
sedatives.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Depressants
(cont.)
• Rohypnol
– A tranquilizer and "date rape" drug
– Produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle
relaxation, and slowed psychomotor responses.
– Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college
campuses as it has been added to punch and other
drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women's
inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests.
• Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
– CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative,
and anabolic (body building) effects
– Another "date rape" drug
– Side effects include loss of memory,
unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens create auditory or visual
changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings.
– Synesthesia—mixing of sensory messages
– May "hear colors" and "smell tastes"
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (acid)
– In 1970 it was placed on controlled substances list.
– Over 9% of Americans have tried acid.
– Commonly sold as a "blotter" on paper, it is one of the
most powerful drugs known to science, and minute
quantities produce strong effects.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Hallucinogens
(cont.)
• Ecstasy methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
– Most common club drug causes feelings of
extreme euphoria, openness, and warmth.
– Risks include inappropriate emotional
bonding, jaw clenching, tongue and cheek
chewing, short-term memory loss or
confusion.
– Chronic use can damage the brain.
– Combined with alcohol, Ecstasy can be fatal.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Hallucinogens
(cont.)
• PCP – Phencyclidine
– Originally developed as a dissociative anesthetic
– Effects depend on dose and include slurred speech,
impaired coordination, fever, nausea, and total loss of
sensitivity to pain.
– Doses greater than 10 mg can cause convulsions and
death.
• Mescaline
– Derived from peyote cactus; Native Americans have
used it for religious purposes.
– It is a powerful hallucinogen and CNS stimulant.
– Generally induces immediate vomiting.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Hallucinogens
(cont.)
• Psilocybin
– Similar to LSD in effect
– Effects generally wear off in 4 to 6 hours.
– Cultivated from spores or harvested wild.
– Mushroom varieties can be easily
misidentified, and mistakes can be fatal.
• Ketamine (Special K)
– Used as an anesthetic in many hospital and
veterinary clinics.
– Causes hallucinations and sensory
distortions.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Inhalants
• Users inhale chemicals causing hallucinations
and euphoric effects.
• Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized
as drugs, though dangerous when used
incorrectly
• Include glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement.
• Amyl nitrate and nitrous oxide are also abused.
• Users experience dizziness, disorientation,
impaired coordination and judgment; combined
with alcohol may be fatal.
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Common Drugs of Abuse – Anabolic
Steroids
• Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone
that promote muscle growth and strength
• Produce state of euphoria, diminished fatigue,
and increase bulk and power in both sexes
• Adverse side effects include mood swings ("roid
rage"), acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol,
hypertension, and kidney disease.
• In women, large doses trigger development of
male attributes; in men, anabolic steroids shut
down testosterone production, causing men's
breasts to grow and testicles to atrophy.
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Treatment and Recovery
• An estimated 23.5 million Americans
needed treatment for illicit drug or alcohol
abuse in 2008, but only 2.6 million
received treatment.
• Detoxification is an early abstinence
period when the addict physically and
cognitively adjusts to being free from the
addiction's influence.
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