Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
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Transcript Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Chapter 9
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS
SEDATIVE = SEDATION
HYPNOTIC = SLEEP
Early Examples
Bromides: Used as sedatives and
anticonvulsants in 1800’s – potential
for toxicity
Paraldehyde: Used to treat alcohol
withdrawal, highly addictive.
Chloral hydrate: sedative and hypnotic –
“knockout” drops
TYPES OF SEDATIVEHYPNOTICS
BARBITURATES
NONBARBITURATES
MINOR TRANQUILIZERS
BARBITURATES
CLASSIFIED BY ONSET AND DURATION
OF ACTION
ULTRASHORT
SHORT-INTERMEDIATE
LONG-ACTING
USES FOR BARBITURATES
ULTRASHORT (ANESTHESIA)
EXAMPLE: THIOPENTAL
INTERMEDIATE: (SLEEP)
EXAMPLE: SECONAL
Referred to as ‘Solid Alcohol’
LONG-ACTING: (ANTIEPILEPTIC,
HEADACHES:)
EXAMPLE: BUTABARBITAL,
PHENOBARBITAL
PROBLEMS WITH
BARBITURATES
WITHDRAWAL CAN BE LIFE
THREATENING
IMPAIRMENT OF JUDGMENT AND
COORDINATION (HANGOVER)
DECREASE IN RESPIRATORY RATE
TOXIC WITH ALCOHOL
STRONG POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE
Nonbarbiturates
Chloral Hydrate
Paraldehyde
Bromides
Meprobamate
Methaqualone
Chloral Hydrate, Paraldehyde, and
Bromides
Chloral Hydrate: Induces sleep and
once used as “knockout drops.”
Paraldehyde: Once used to treat
mental and emotional problems. No
longer used
Bromides: Rarely prescribed as a
sleep agent
Meprobamate
Marketed in mid-1950s under the
brand name Miltown
Extremely popular anti-anxiety drug
Concerns regarding physical and
psychological dependence –
withdrawal is severe
Low margin of safety
Methaqualone
METHAQUALONE (QUAALUDES)
INTRODUCED IN 1965 AS A
HYPNOTIC
THOUGHT TO DEPRESS RAS
USED AS AN ANTI-C0NVULSANT
STRONG DEPENDENCE POTENTIAL
QUAALUDES WERE RESCHEDULED (I)
Minor Tranquilizers
Referred to as anti-anxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly
prescribed benzodiazepines.
Examples of benzodiazepines include
Valium, Xanax, and Rohypnol.
Besides reducing anxiety, benzodiazepines
induce sleep, reduce panic attacks, and
control some seizures
Benzodiazepines are addictive and
produce tolerance and withdrawal
symptoms
Benzodiazepines have a wider margin
of safety and less severe side effects
than barbiturates
DATE-RAPE DRUGS
MOST DATE-RAPE DRUGS ARE
BENZODIAZEPINES
EXAMPLE: ROHYPNOL
ROHYPNOL
SIMILAR TO VALIUM
ALSO KNOWN AS “ROOFIES,”
“ROPE,” AND “ROCHE”
ROHYPNOL’S EFFECTS ARE
NORMALLY FELT 20-30 MINUTES
AFTER INJECTION
EFFECTS CAN LAST FOR HOURS
ROHYPNOL AND ALCOHOL
SEDATION
MUSCLE RELAXATION
BLACKOUTS
DEATH
LEGAL STATUS
ROHYPNOL IS ILLEGAL IN THE
UNITED STATES
IT IS AVAILABLE LEGALLY IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
USED TO TREAT ANXIETY, INSOMNIA,
AND SEIZURE DISORDERS
OTHER DATE RAPE DRUGS
GAMMA y-hydroxybutyrate
KNOWN AS GHB
DEVELOPED IN THE 1980’S AS A
SURGICAL ANESTHETIC
GHB IS BOTH A METABOLITE AND
PRECURSOR TO GABA
Used illicitly by some bodybuilders as
a growth hormone stimulant
GHB
ODORLESS
TASTELESS
GHB SIDE EFFECTS
NAUSEA
VOMITING
SEIZURES
MEMORY LOSS
HALLUCINATIONS
COMA
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
GHB + ALCOHOL
LOSS OF MEMORY
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
AMNESIA
DEATH
Gamma butyl lactone
GBL is an active metabolite of GHB
Found in liquid paint stripper
Can be quickly formulated into an
elixir and produce effects similar to
GHB
Inhalants
Inhalant abuse is also called “huffing”
Inhalants have anesthetic-like
properties
Short term effects of inhalants include
drooling, nausea, sneezing,
hypersensitivity, loss of coordination
and coughing
Long-term effects include frequent
nosebleeds, liver and kidney damage,
weight loss, depression, paranoia,
hostility, and bone marrow
abnormalities
Types of Inhalants
Glue (toluene)
Ether
Nitrous Oxide (“laughing gas”)
Nitrite Inhalants (amyl nitrite, butyl
nitrite, and isobutyl
Summary
Sedative hypnotic drugs are capable
of inducing sedation and sleep
Barbiturates, nonbarbiturates, and
minor tranquilizers are types of
sedative hypnotics
Barbiturates are classified by onset
and duration of action
Date rape drugs are drugs from the
sedative hypnotic category
Rohypnol is a sedative hypnotic and
used in date rapes
Rohypnol is illegal in the United
States
GHB is another example of a date
rape drug
Inhalants can exert a sedative
hypnotic effect and are extremely
dangerous