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Chapter 16: Social and
Personality Development in
Adolescents
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
16.2 Relationships with Parents
and Peers
16.3 The Dark Side
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
The Search for Identity
Ethnic Identity
Self-Esteem in Adolescence
The Search for Identity
Adolescents use hypothetical reasoning to
experiment with different selves
Often go through several different stages,
such as diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium,
and achievement
Typically don’t reach achievement status
for all aspects of identity at the same time
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
Relation of Age and Identity
Status
Ethnic Identity
Individuals from minority groups often
establish an ethnic identity.
Occurs in 3 phases: initial disinterest,
exploration of ethnic heritage, and
achievement of ethnic self-concept
Adolescents who have achieved an
ethnic identity have higher self-esteem
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Some studies show drop in selfesteem as move from elementary
school to middle school or junior
high
Drop is usually temporary and is
the result of new peer comparisons
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
16.2 Relationships with
Parents and Peers
Parent-Child Relationships in
Adolescence
Relationships with Peers
Parent-Child Relationships in
Adolescence
As teens become more
independent, relationship with
parents becomes more egalitarian
Most teens love their parents, rely
on them for advice, embrace many
of parents’ values, and feel loved
16.2 Relationships with Peers and Parents
Relationships with Peers
Some crowds have higher status
Groups have a dominance hierarchy
Groups exert pressure primarily where
social standards are fuzzy
Loyalty, trust, & intimacy are important to
adolescent friendships
Primary function of dating varies with age
16.2 Relationships with Peers and Parents
16.3 The Dark Side
Drug Use
Depression
Delinquency
Drug Use
Most teens avoid drugs, except alcohol
Teens drink to relax, experiment, escape
the real world, and to feel exhilarated and
less inhibited
Teens more likely to drink if alcohol is
important part of parents’ social lives
Some teens drink due to peer pressure
16.3 The Dark Side
Drug Use in Teens
Depression
Pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability,
and low self-esteem
Sometimes triggered by life event
Heredity has role in depression
Treat with drugs and psychotherapy
Many who commit suicide are depressed
and show other warning signs
16.3 The Dark Side
Suicide Rates
Delinquency
Adolescents commit many of the index
offenses in the U.S.
Factors related to life-course persistent
antisocial behavior: lower social class,
inadequate parental supervision, lack of
self-control, & aggressive/impulsive
behavior
Delinquency treated on many fronts
16.3 The Dark Side
Teenage Crime Rates