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WARM UP #6 3/22 VOCAB 1. Hollow ball of cells 2. Forming of the 3 germ layers 3. Cell division 4. Cells in the blastula that have not become specialized yet. (hint un__) 5. Undifferentiated cells that can become any cell and possibly used for curing diseases. Ch 13 NOTES #5 3/22 Birth Defects If problems happen while 1st developing early on with systems or organs – can cause miscarriage. 20% pregnancies end in miscarriage Spontaneous Abortion Miscarriage When the baby is involuntarily expelled before it is able to survive on its own. Usually nature’s way of eliminating an abnormal pregnancy. 15% (1 in 6) of all pregnancies end in miscarriage. 25-50% of miscarriages are a result of chromosomal problems. Most occur in the first 3 months. BIRTH DEFECTS Problems in development before birth - Mental retardation, deformities, health problems, etc. - 3% born in US have problems Biggest cause is premature birth (6 months or less) • Every year, about 7.9 million infants (6% of worldwide births) are born with serious birth defects. With the causes of over 50% of birth defects unknown 2 causes 1. GENETIC – * DNA mutations, passed genes What were some we studied? EX: Downs, sickle cell, Fragile X, colorblindness, Klinefelters, Marfan etc. ( see Chapter 11) 2. ENVIRONMENTAL - * outside factors affecting the development What are some examples? EX: chemicals, alcohol, medicines, radiation, smoke, pollution, nutrition, lack of vitamins, antibiotic, infectious diseases, mother illness • Some birth defects can be diagnosed before birth using one or more prenatal tests, including ultrasound and amniocentesis Congenital heart disease • #1 birth defect in US 1 out of every 125 Heart defects originate in the early weeks of pregnancy when the heart is forming. CLEFT PALATE About 6,800 babies are born with cleft lip/palate each year CLUBFOOT CEREBRAL PALSY affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. Cerebral palsy can also lead to other health issues, including vision, hearing, and speech problems, and learning disabilities. Random mutations in genes that control brain development Maternal infections Fetal stroke Lack of oxygen to the brain (asphyxia) related to difficult labor or delivery Infant infections that cause inflammation in or around the brain Traumatic head injury to an infant from a motor vehicle accident, fall or child abuse Spina Bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area. In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back. A high fever during pregnancy may increase a woman's chances of having a baby with spina bifida. Women with epilepsy who have taken the drug valproic acid to control seizures Hydrocephaly Deafness, blindness #1 preventable birth defect FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Mostly brain development problems: learning disabilities, ADHD, vision problems, behavior problems, etc. thalidomide • 1957 to 1962 in UK, Canada, Germany, Japan - not FDA approved • prevented morning sickness • 12,000 babies who survived, with phocomelia (flipper-like arms or legs) RADIATION exposure • • • • • • The first two weeks of pregnancy occur after the start of your last period and before there is any risk to the baby from radiation During the third week of pregnancy, the baby should be unharmed. There is a tiny chance that radiation could result in a loss of pregnancy. During weeks 4-10, the organs of the baby like the heart, lungs, skin, and muscles are starting to develop. Radiation at this time has a very small chance of interfering with this development and causing birth defects. During weeks 10-17, the nerves and the brain are growing. Large doses of radiation at this stage can cause brain damage and mental retardation. The risk is small for most x-ray or nuclear medicine exams. During weeks 18 until birth, radiation is unlikely to cause birth defects or other severe health effects, unless the doses are very large. At anytime during pregnancy, there is a very slight increased risk of cancer later in the baby's life. Missing limbs and deformities • This toddler has severe limb deformities and birth defects due to radiation contamination from a 1986 nuclear plant accident. • He has been deformed since birth from what may be the effects of the defoliant Agent Orange used by US army during the Vietnam War Uranium and white phosphorus, which US military has admitted firing on insurgents in heavily populated Fallujah chernobyl • Birth defects seen in many generations Chernobyl Raised Mutations 600% Japan? Drugs No drugs should be taken by a pregnant woman, unless prescribed by a physician. 90% of over-the-counter drugs available have never been tested for their effects on the unborn. No pregnant woman should take any illegal drug because of the high rate of birth defects. Men planning for future fatherhood, should not use illegal drugs because of the effect upon the sperm. Marijuana Marijuana crosses the placenta and is also found in breast milk. Small birth weight and decreased learning ability. Alcohol with marijuana increases the potency of the alcohol. May cause extremity deformities. Smoking Low birth weight babies. 20-40% of low birth weight babies are related to maternal smoking. Maternal smoking increases the risk of SIDS. Increased risk of spontaneous abortion, fetal death, low implantation of the placenta, premature separation of the placenta, bleeding and pre-term delivery. Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) includes brain injury, growth impairment, facial deformity and congenital heart defects. A small head is seen in many of these infants and reflects the brain growth. Occurs with only 2 ounces of alcohol/day. Significant neurological impairment can occur with only 1 ounce per day. Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) are seen in infants whose mothers drank moderately. Extra or missing parts Cancer Cells that grow uncontrollably Causes 1) radiation 2) chemicals 3) viruses 4 ) mutated genes Mitosis of cancer cells is fast INHIBITORS- normally when a cell divides and it touches another cell it stops (so no overcrowding) Cancer keeps dividing - makes overcrowding – TUMOR. SOME KINDS: breast skin lung prostate leukemia (blood) Can be any where How detect: MRI or ultrasound or appearance TREATMENTS * surgery * medicines * chemotherapy - radiation • Damage of the lungs begins early in smokers, and all cigarette smokers have a lower level of lung function than nonsmokers.. Chronic bronchitis -- a disease where the airways produce excess mucus, which forces the smoker to cough more often -- is a common ailment of smokers. Cigarette smoking is also the major cause of emphysema -- a disease that slowly destroys a person’s ability to breathe. Shortness of breath (especially when lying down), a chronic mild cough (which is often dismissed as "smoker’s cough"), feeling tired, and sometimes weight loss are early symptoms of emphysema. People with emphysema are at risk for many other complications resulting from weakened lung function, including pneumonia • Smoking can also lead to lung cancer which cannot be cured!