Transcript Chapter 15
15 Pharmacology Introduction • Pharmacology • Drug – Side effect – Drug interaction – Addiction – Habit forming • Medicines 2 Drug Names Brand Names • Capitalized • Registered trademarks • Bayer Generic Names • Not capitalized • Unprotected • Less expensive • Aspirin 3 Prescriptions • Parts of a written prescription – Heading – Superscription – Body of prescription • Rx symbol • Inscription • Subscription – Closing of the prescription 4 Reference Texts for Pharmacology • Council on Dental Therapeutics • Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) 5 Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions • • • • • a.a. a.c. b.i.d. t.i.d. q.i.d. of each before meal twice a day three times a day four times a day 6 Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions • • • • • • q.h. q.4.h. q.8.h. sig. p.c. p.r.n. every hour every four hours every eight hours take after meals when necessary or as needed 7 Drug Laws • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) • Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (1970) 8 Drug Enforcement • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) 9 Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule I – High potential for abuse – No accepted medical use • Heroin 10 Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule II – High potential for abuse – Accepted medical use • Morphine 11 Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule III – Lower potential for abuse and medical use • Stimulants 12 Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule IV – Less potential for abuse; accepted medical use • Antianxiety drugs • Schedule V – Least potential for abuse • Over-the-counter 13 Dental Assistants and the Law • • • • Maintain accurate records Phone or e-mail of prescriptions Maintenance of controlled substances Liaison with pharmaceutical representatives and the pharmacist 14 Drug Administration Routes • • • • • Oral Topical Inhalation Sublingual Rectal 15 Drug Administration Routes • • • • • Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Transdermal 16 Drugs • Know signs and symptoms of individuals under the influence of drugs • Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal drugs and how drugs interact 17 Tobacco • Uses – No useful purpose • Effects – Could lead to heart disease – Promotes high risk of oral and lung cancer – Causes tooth staining, periodontal diseases, and halitosis 18 Caffeine • Uses – No useful purpose • Effects – Causes heart to work harder – Affects nervous system – May cause or irritate ulcers – Too much may be fatal 19 Alcohol • Uses – No useful purpose • Effects – Affects judgement and coordination – Slows reactions – Causes cirrhosis – Slows down body processes 20 Marijuana • Uses – Derivative – Cancer treatment to decrease nausea and regurgitation • Effects – Increases heart rate – Causes lung tissue damage – Causes reproductive system disorders – Deteriorates coordination – Decreases ability to think and speak clearly 21 Cocaine • Uses – Causes physical and psychological dependency – Medical use has been reduced • Effects – Heart problems – Mental disorders – Violent behavior – Death 22 Narcotics • Addictive depressants used to relieve pain – Heroin – Morphine – Codeine 23 Amphetamines • Group of stimulant drugs (uppers) – Increases heart and respiratory rates, and blood pressure • Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and restlessness 24 Amphetamines • Medically treats narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children. 25 Hallucinogens • Drugs that cause people to see and hear images and sounds that do not exist – Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) – Phencyclidine (PCP) – Mescaline 26 Barbiturates • Sedative drugs that depress brain activity – Amobarbital – Pentobarbital – Secobarbital – Phenobarbital (given to dental patients with severe anxiety) 27 Drugs Prescribed • Analgesics – Loss of pain without loss of sensation – OTC drugs: • Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen – Prescription drugs • Codeine, morphine 28 Drugs Prescribed • Analgesics side effects – Nausea – Vomiting – Constipation – Breathing difficulties 29 Drugs Prescribed • Tranquilizers – Produce sedative effect – Reduce tensions and anxieties 30 Drugs Prescribed • Antibiotics – Used to treat infection – Derived from fungi and molds or are manufactured synthetically – Broad spectrum antibiotics treat a wide range of bacteria 31 Drugs Prescribed • Antibiotics – Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection – Side effects • Nausea, diarrhea, allergic rash 32 Drugs Prescribed • Penicillin – First group of antibiotic drugs to be discovered was penicillin – Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia – Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin 33 Drugs Prescribed • Erythromycin – Used by individuals allergic to Penicillin and children in the place of Tetracycline – Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection, and ointment – Side effects are stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 34 Drugs Prescribed • Antifungal Agents – Treat infections caused by fungi – Available as tablets, suspension, creams, injections, and suppositories – Side effects are skin irritation, liver, and kidney damage 35 Drugs Prescribed • Anticholinergics – Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to surgery – Treats abnormally slow heart rates in emergencies – Dilates eyes for exam 36 Herbal and Alternative Medications • Consult dentist • Caution patients 37