Transcript hypnosis and drugs

Hypnosis:
Are YOU Susceptible?
Hypnosis
• Originated by
Franz Mesmer in
the 18th century, it
is described as
being in a trancelike state of
heightened
susceptibility to the
suggestions of
others
• Applications
– Controlling pain
– Reducing smoking
– Treating
psychological
disorders
– Assisting law
enforcement
– Improving athletic
performance
• Frequently Asked Questions about Hypnosis
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
We are all open to suggestion.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events? No
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will? It can’t make you
do something you don’t want to
Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Post
hypnotic suggestions help alleviate
headaches, asthma and stress
related skin disorders.
Can hypnosis relieve pain? Yes
Dissociation involves the splitting of
the emotion of pain from the sensation
Hypnosis
• Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened
suggestibility
• The hypnotic state is characterized by
– Narrow and focused attention
– Imagination and hallucinations
– Passive receptive attitude
– Reduced reaction to pain
– Heightened suggestibility
Hypnosis Terms
• Posthypnotic Amnesia
– supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
– induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
• Hypnotic Suggestibility
– related to subject’s openness to
suggestion
– ability to focus attention inwardly
– ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Hypnosis
• Orne & Evans (1965)
– control group instructed to “pretend”
– unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
• Posthypnotic Suggestion
– suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
– used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
• Dissociation
– a split in consciousness
– allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
• Hidden Observer
– Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such
as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Hypnosis
• About 10-20% of people don’t respond
• Two basic theories:
Social Influence Theory (extension of normal
consciousness) vs. Divided
Consciousness Theory
The two theories
Social Phenomenon
•Social influence theory the hypnosis subject is caught up in playing a
role: the more a subject trusts the hypnotist, the more they begin to feel
and behave in ways appropriate for “good hypnotic subjects” -> going
along with what hypnotist wants
Divided consciousness
•Hidden observer; Ernest Hilgard determined that a person has a split
consciousness that involuntarily knows what is happening; dissociation
•Distinctive brain activity does accompany hypnosis
•Hypnotic pain relief may result from selective attention; PET scans do show
reduced activity in pain processing centers of the brain, but not in the sensory
cortex
•Hypnosis is evidence of the two track mind concept -> in hypnosis, much like
in life, our behaviour is mostly on “autopilot” mode
Conclusions
• Kihlstrom and McConkey believe the two
competing theories can be combined. Brain
activity, attention and social influence interact to
produce the experience.
• Age regression claims hypnotized children are
not more genuinely childlike
• hypnotic claims and memory: unpredictable
Physical Dependence
Psychological Dependence
PRIMARY FOCUS:
USING AND
OBTAINING THE
DRUG
Drug Action on Neurons
Dependence
Big
effect
Drug
effect
• Tolerance
– need for
progressively larger
doses to achieve
same effect
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
• Withdrawal
Large
Drug dose
– discomfort and
distress with
discontinued use
•
Caffeine
Most frequently used
psychoactive drug
• Causes hand tremors,
sweating, talkativeness,
tinnitus, suppresses
fatigue or sleepiness,
increases alertness
• Caffeinism: Physiological
dependence on caffeine
– Withdrawal: Insomnia,
irritability, loss of appetite,
chills, racing heart, elevated
body temperature
Nicotine
• Natural stimulant found
mainly in tobacco
• May cause stomach pain,
vomiting, diarrhea,
confusion, tremors
• Highly Addictive
• Responsible for 97% of lung
cancer deaths in men, 74%
in women
Alcohol & College
• 90% of College Students drink, 75% every month
• 50% had 5 or more drinks in a row in the past two
weeks
• College students drink more than youths who end
their education at h.s.
• American college students consume 4 billion cans of
beer a year
• D or F average = 10.6 drinks per week
• A or B average = 3 drinks per week
• 95% of violent crime on campus is alcohol-related
• Students in Northeast drink more than those in the
South or West
• 73% of the assailants and 55% of the victims of rape
had used alcohol or other drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressants
– drugs that reduce neural activity
– slow body function
• alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
• Stimulants
– drugs that excite neural activity
– speed up body function
• caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
• Hallucinogens
– psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
• LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
• Barbiturates
– drugs that depress the activity
of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
• Opiates
– opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
– opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
• Amphetamines
– drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing accelerated
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
• LSD
– lysergic acid diethylamide
– a powerful hallucinogenic drug
– also known as “acid”
• THC
– the major active ingredient in marijuana
– triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug
Type
Pleasurable Effects
Adverse Effects
Alcohol
Depressant
Initial high followed by
relaxation and disinhibition
Depression, memory loss, organ
damage, impaired reactions
Heroin
Depressant
Rush of euphoria, relief from
pain
Depressed physiology,
agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine
Stimulant
Increased alertness and
wakefulness
Anxiety, restlessness, and
insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant
phetamine
Euphoria, alertness, energy
Irritability, insomnia,
hypertension, seizures
Cocaine
Stimulant
Rush of euphoria, confidence,
energy
Cardiovascular stress,
suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine
Stimulant
Arousal and relaxation, sense
of well-being
Heart disease, cancer (from tars)
Marijuana Mild
Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted
hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation
memory, lung damage from smoke
Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use
70
60
Alcohol
50
40
Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79
‘81
‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89
Year
‘91 ‘93
‘95
‘97 ‘99
Addictive Personality? Factors in Drug Use
• Nature of the Drug: Intense and Fast? Crack over
Cocaine
• Painful Withdrawal Symptoms: Continued Use
• Alcoholic Parent & other Genetic Factors: Some
people experience the highs/lows more intensely.
• Psychological Factors: Depression, low selfesteem, powerlessness, absence of values.
• Social Factors: Environment that offers few
opportunities or alternative pleasures (urban
slums, prisons, war zones.
• Social Norms: Ok to drink in the evening on
Friday with friends but not on Monday night
alone.