Transcript Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs

Chapter 21
Narcotics and
Dangerous
Drugs
2
NARCOTICS
•
Narcotic
– Any drug that produces a stupor, insensibility, or sleep.
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•
As a consequence of this definition, narcotics could
include substances ranging from alcohol to heroin to
crack cocaine.
The range of drugs accurately labeled narcotics can be
limited to two specific categories:
 Natural narcotics (compounds derived directly from
Papavar somniferum): opium, morphine, and heroin.
 Synthetic narcotics (compounds possessing similar
pharmacological structures and properties): Dilaudid,
Percodan, codeine, methadone, Demerol, Darvon, Talwin.
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3
NARCOTICS
• Opiate
– Any of the narcotic drugs produced from the opium
poppy.
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4
Narcotic Drug Abuse
• The abuse of narcotic drugs dates back to
ancient times.
• A person under the influence of morphinelike
narcotics is usually lethargic and indifferent to
his or her environment and personal
circumstances.
• Chronic use leads to both physical and
psychological dependence.
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5
Narcotic Drug Abuse
• Withdrawal symptoms
– Symptoms that appear shortly after a drug addict misses a scheduled
dose, or fix. May include:
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nausea
Sweating
Chills
physical shaking
Diarrhea
constant yawning
Insomnia
Fatigue
Restlessness
Anxiety
irritability
muscle aches and pains
stomach cramping
– The longer the addicted person is without drugs, the greater and more
violent his or her withdrawal becomes.
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Withdrawal Symptoms
• Withdrawal symptoms typically reach their
peak 48 to 72 hours after the last fix.
• The withdrawal runs its course, and most
residual symptoms disappear in about 7 to 10
days
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7
Categories of Drugs
• Drugs can be divided into four major categories based
on their manifest effects: narcotics, depressants,
stimulants, and hallucinogens.
• Two additional categories account for cannabis and
inhalants
• Narcotics
– Narcotics are drugs with a depressant effect on the central
nervous system.
– Euphoria and a general feeling of warmth and well-being are
frequently associated with their use.
– Used to relieve pain and induce sleep.
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8
Categories of Drugs
• Depressants
– Any drug used to allay irritation or nervousness;
creates lethargy in the user but may also produce a
general feeling of clam and well-being.
– Commonly referred to as barbiturates and
tranquilizers.
– When sedatives are used over long periods, the
user may develop a tolerance and require larger
doses to produce the same sense of relaxation.
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9
Categories of Drugs
• Stimulants
– A drug with a stimulating effect on the central
nervous system, causing wakefulness and alertness
while masking symptoms of fatigue.
– Commonly referred to in the vernacular as uppers,
stimulants may remove inhibitions and produce a
feeling of zest and excitement.
– Physical dependence does not develop, although
psychological dependence is not uncommon among
abusers.
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10
Categories of Drugs
• Hallucinogens
– A drug causing changes in sensory perception to create mindaltering hallucinations and loss of an accurate sense of time
and space.
– Hallucinogens may produce the perception of heightened
senses and visualization of vivid colors.
– Exaggerated feelings of fear or terror, or visions of monsters
or terrifying imagined situations.
– Repeated or extensive use of hallucinogens may produce
psychological dependence, and hallucinogens have been
known to produce flashbacks.
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11
Categories of Drugs
• Cannabis (Cannabis sativa)
– Although sometimes considered a mild hallucinogen.
– At one time, cannabis was a leading U.S. cash crop, second
only to cotton.
• The northwest United States is the regional capital of
indoor marijuana cultivation.
• Drug-related cannabis products include marijuana,
hashish, and hash oil.
• Tetrahydrocannabinol, more commonly referred to as
THIC, is the primary psychoactive element in cannabis
and cannabis-related products.
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12
Categories of Drugs
• Inhalants
– Substances that cause perceptible changes in brain function
through inhalation.
• These inhalants can be further classified into four
categories:
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–
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Aerosols
Gases
Solvents
Nitrites
• Model airplane glue, colored markers, industrial and
household cleaning chemicals, gasoline, paint, nitrites
(poppers, snappers, and rush), and nitrous oxide.
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13
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Opium
– No legal restrictions on the importation or use of opium until
the early 1900s.
• Although opium is used in the form of paregoric to
treat diarrhea, most opium imported into the United
States is broken down into its alkaloid constituents.
• These alkaloids are divided into two distinct chemical
classes:
– Phenanthrenes
– Isoquinolines
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TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Heroin
– Originally synthesized from morphine in 1874.
– Heroin is a central nervous system depressant that
also relieves pain.
– Tolerance for this drug builds up faster than for any
other opiate.
– The danger of drug dependency is considerably high
– Heroin was first controlled by the Harrison Act of
1914
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Heroin
• Heroin is not well
absorbed if taken orally.
Users, therefore, usually
administer the drug by
intravenous injection.
• Needle marks or tracks
may be observed on an
addict’s body.
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16
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Cocaine
– Cocaine, the most potent stimulant of natural origin, is
extracted from the leaves of the coca plant.
– Its medical applications are now mainly restricted to
operations of the ear, eye, nose, and throat.
– The major source of cocaine in the United States is South
America.
– Stimulation of the central nervous system and increases in
heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Because
of its central nervous system effects, the drug is habitforming.
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17
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Speedball is combining heroin and cocaine in
one injection.
• Freebasing Cocaine
– Separating the base of cocaine from its
hydrochloride powder.
– Smoked and produce a more potent high, because
the concentration of base cocaine is much greater
now that it has been freebased.
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18
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Crack Cocaine
– The process of making crack cocaine involves mixing
cocaine, water, and baking powder.
– The solution is heated until all the moisture has
evaporated.
– The remaining cookie of combined cocaine and
baking powder is then broken into small pieces,
which can be easily sold
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19
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Morphine
– Morphine is the principal alkaloid of opium.
– Morphine is white and comes in three main forms:
powder, cubes, and 1/8 - and ½ - grain tablets.
• Thebaine
– Chemically similar to both morphine and codeine,
thebaine produces stimulatory rather than
depressant effects.
– oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone,
naltrexone, and buprenorphine
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TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Codeine
– Codeine is commonly found in a variety of legally
controlled medical preparations sold in the United
States.
– The least addictive of the opium derivatives.
– Its primary effects include dulled perception,
straying attention, and a general lack of awareness
of surroundings.
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21
TYPES OF NARCOTICS
• Percodan
– Is extremely important in medicine as an analgesic
(painkiller).
• Methadone
– Although chemically unlike morphine or heroin, it
produces many of the same effects and can be
administered orally or by injection.
– Methadone has been widely used in the
detoxification of heroin addicts and in methadone
maintenance programs.
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22
OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Stimulants
– Drugs classified as stimulants directly stimulate the
central nervous system, producing excitation, a feeling
of alertness, and sometimes a temporary rise in blood
pressure and respiration.
– Tolerance to stimulants occurs quickly, and abusers may
require larger doses to obtain comparable results.
– One-third of the drug abuse problem in the United
States can be linked to prescription drugs.
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23
OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
Depressants (Sedatives and Hypnotics)
• The barbiturates, made from barbituric acid, constitute
the largest group of sedatives.
• They are the most frequently prescribed drugs to
induce sleep and to reduce daytime tension and
anxiety.
• Repeated use of barbiturates can be addicting.
• Often diverted from legitimate channels. Popular
brand-name depressants bear trademarks or other
identifying symbols.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Glutethimide (Doriden)
– Believed to be a nonaddictive barbiturate substitute.
– Recently, glutethimide has been illicitly used with codeine
tablets to give a heroinlike effect. Street names for this
potentially lethal combination include dors and 4s and Ds
and Cs.
• Methaqualone
– Produce a “drunken” intoxication, and its effects can be
dangerously increased by combination with alcohol.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Tranquilizers
– Originally developed as medical aids to
psychotherapy for mental patients.
– Ruhibnol - The drug is slipped into the drinks of
unsuspecting young women at parties and in bars.
• Hallucinogens
– Consciousness-expanding drugs
– Alterations of time and space perception, illusions,
hallucinations, and delusions may be either mild or
overwhelming, depending on the dose.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• LSD 25 (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
– Dr. Albert Hofmann synthesized LSD in 1938 from a
dark purple fungus named ergot.
– An average dose of LSD is a tiny speck, perhaps 30
or 40 micrograms, or about the amount one could
place on the tip of a pin.
– Effects of LSD may last eight to twelve hours.
• LSD does not produce physical dependence
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• PCP (Phencyclidine)
– Was originally produced as an animal tranquilizer and anesthetic.
– Referred to as angel dust or dust.
• In low doses, the experience usually proceeds in three stages:
– Changes in body image, sometimes accompanied by feelings of
depersonalization
– Perceptual distortions, infrequently evidenced as visual or auditory
hallucinations
– Feelings of apathy or estrangement
• Other Hallucinogens
– Mescaline - peyote cactus
– Psilocybin and Psilocyn - Psilocybe mushrooms
– Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) - seeds of certain plants native to the West
Indies and parts of South America (called cohoba)
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Marijuana (Cannabis)
– Marijuana is a dried plant material obtained from
the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
– Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is the actual
narcotic element of marijuana.
– Marijuana is not physically addicting, and there is
no withdrawal if one suddenly stops using the drug.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Hashish
– Consists of the THC-rich resin scraped from the
leaves and buds of the marijuana plant. The resin is
dried and compressed into small blocks.
– The color of hash typically ranges from brownish tan
to dark brown.
– Hashish is often five or six times as potent as
marijuana leaves.
• Hash Oil
– Syrupy concentrate of resin produced by a process
of repeated extractions.
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30
OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Nutmeg and Mace
– If used in sufficient quantity, nutmeg can induce
visual and auditory hallucinations.
– Unpleasant side effects, which include nausea, sever
headaches, vomiting, tachycardia, and sensory
distortion, followed by an extremely bad hangover
• Kava
– Also known as ava, awa, sakaw, tonga, and yaona,
– Derives from the root of a South Seas black pepper
plant, Piper methysticum.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Designer Drugs
– Substance produced in clandestine laboratories by
adding or taking away something in an existing
drug’s chemical composition.
• Ice
– Smokable methamphetamine
– Freebase form of methamphetamine
– If ice was produced with a water base (looks like ice)
it will burn quickly.
– Ice with a yellowish tint is oil-based and tends to
burn slower and longer
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Ice is much cheaper to make than crack
cocaine and is both deadlier and more
addictive than crack.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Ecstasy (MDMA)
– A synthetic, psychoactive drug chemically similar to the
stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen
mescaline.
• Common street names for MDMA include ecstasy,
Adam, XTC, hug, beans, and love drug.
• Acts as both a stimulant and a psychedelic, producing
an energizing effect as well as distortions in time and
perception and enhanced enjoyment from tactile
experiences.
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OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
• Inhalants
– A number of common household solvents,
cleaners, and aerosols have been used primarily by
teenagers to obtain a high.
– Other materials used frequently by juveniles
include gasoline, paint, and freon.
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LEGAL ASPECTS
Categories of Drug Offenses
 Possession
 A drug offense that consists of having a controlled drug on
one’s person or under one’s control such as in the house or
vehicle.
 Distribution
 Selling, trading, giving, or delivering illicit drugs, regardless
of whether one stands to profit from the transaction.
 Manufacturing
 Any activity to cultivate, harvest, produce, process, or
manufacture illegal drugs.
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The Controlled Substance Act
• Controlled substance
– A drug or substance whose use and possession are
regulated under the Controlled Substance Act.
• The Controlled Substance Act (CSA), Title II of
the federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse
Prevention and Control Act of 1970.
• The CSA classifies drugs into five categories,
called schedules.
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INVESTIGATING ILLEGAL DRUG CASES
• Illicit drug cases generally involve the same
basic investigative practices applied to other
criminal violations.
• Illicit drug cases require special knowledge and
familiarity with narcotics and other dangerous
drugs and their applicable laws.
• Drug investigations may include open
investigations, undercover field investigations,
and even stings.
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Undercover Drug Operations
• The term undercover has been used as a
generic label for decoy work, sting operations,
and police intelligence-gathering efforts.
• There are two types of undercover work:
– light cover - An undercover police operation that
extends only as long as the officer’s tour of duty.
– deep cover - An undercover operation that may extend
for a long period of time, during which the officer
totally assumes another identity.
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Informants and Other Aids
• The use of informants to obtain information,
leads, or evidence in police work is common
practice.
• Usefulness of informants
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Probable Cause and Searches
• Probable cause
– Reasonable grounds to believe that a person should
be arrested or searched or that a person’s property
should be searched or seized.
• Probable cause can also be understood as
occurring when a person of average intelligence
and foresight (ordinary prudence) is led to
believe that a crime has been committed
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41
Searches of Persons
• In the interest of self-protection
– Terry v. Ohio (1968) – “Terry Stop”
– Police have the authority to detain a person briefly
for questioning even without probable cause if they
have reason to believe the person may have been
involved in a crime.
– This detention does not constitute an arrest;
however, the officer is entitled to frisk or pat down
the individual to ensure the officer’s personal safety.
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Searches of Vehicles
• Carrol v. United States
– Supreme Court established clear distinctions among
searches of people, vehicles, and premises.
– A warrantless search of a vehicle was legitimate,
provided the officer had probable cause to believe
the vehicle contained evidence or contraband.
– Chimel v. California (1969).
• Area within the arrestee’s immediate control, or that area
within which he or she might reach a weapon.
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Stop, Question, and Frisk
• Terry Stop
• Such frisks are intended to determine whether a
subject is armed for the safety of the officer.
• Officers can typically search limited to the
passenger compartment, within approximately
an arm’s length from where the occupant or
driver had been seated.
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44
Search of a Vehicle Incident to an
Arrest
• If an operator or a subject riding in the vehicle
is arrested, a search incident to this lawful
arrest may be undertaken.
• Impound and inventory of the contents of the
vehicle.
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Exigent Circumstances
• Emergency situations in which a reasonable
person is led to believe that entry (or other
relevant prompt action) is necessary to
prevent physical harm to an officer or other
person(s), the destruction of relevant
evidence, the escape of a suspect, or some
other consequence that will impede lawful
police actions.
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46
Searches of Premises
• Search carefully
• Collect evidence legally
• Beware of bobby traps
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Arrest Situations
• Gathering intelligence
– One does not have to be arrested immediately
when seen making a drug buy.
– Whenever drug arrests are planned or made,
certain procedures
should be followed.
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