Transcript Higher-Persuasive-PPT2

Persuasive
Writing
We are going to look at how to go
about planning an essay on the
following topic:
The sale and consumption of alcohol
should be made illegal to overcome the
social problems drinking causes.
You are going to
end up with a
plan which looks
something like
this.
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
The sale and consumption of alcohol
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking it causes.
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such as
heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our approach
to mind-altering drugs. Finally, it
contributes to all manner of
crimes, which otherwise might
be prevented.
Research: The Internet
Step 1: Research
Background: It is widely recognised that there is a massive issue with
alcohol in Scotland at the moment. Underage drinking is rife and
causes many social problems. Drinking-related illnesses cost the NHS
millions of pounds each year. In almost all countries in the world,
adults are allowed to buy and drink alcohol with very little restriction
(although there are laws about the exact hours that bars and shops
are allowed to sell alcohol, and laws against drinking and driving). This
is in contrast to the legal situation with regard to other mind-altering
(or ‘psycho-active’) drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, acid, and
heroin.
Consider: What are the advantages or disadvantages of banning
alcohol altogether?
Task: Write a persuasive essay arguing whether or not banning
alcohol would solve the social problems caused by drinking.
Step 2: Ponder
Think about what your opinions are of the
proposal that alcohol should be banned.
One way to navel gaze!
Step 3: Prepare Your Notes
Look at the sheet of paper which you have been given.
You will write a sentence in the central box to convey your
point of view.
Step 3: Complete the graphic
Write oneIt is just
Write
another
organizer.
Example:
Example:
In many
countries alcohol
is a
reason
you
think
reason
you
think
as addictive as
contributory factor in 60alcohol
should
alcohol
should
70% of violent
crimes.
other
drugs.
be banned.
be banned.
The sale and consumption of alcohol should be
made illegal to overcome the social problems
drinking causes.
Write
another
Example:
We need consistency in
our drug laws. If cannabis, which is not
reason
think
very addictiveyou
and which
results in
virtually no violent crime or public
alcohol
disorder, needsshould
to be banned because of
its mind-altering effects, then alcohol
be
banned.
should
definitely be banned.
It is important that we take action to
make alcohol illegal now. It is just as
harmful and addictive as illegal drugs,
such as heroin. If it was banned, it would
mean that we would be more consistent
in our approach to mind-altering drugs.
Finally, it contributes to all manner of
crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented.
Summarise
your 3 reasons.
Step
3:
Complete
the
graphic
In
many
countries
alcohol is a
It is just as addictive as
contributory factor in 60-70% of
other drugs.
organizer.
violent crimes.
• Heroin3
Write
details
• Cocainethis
about
• Cannabis
reason.
• Child abuse
Write 3 details
• Domestic violence
about
this
• Murder.
reason.
The sale and consumption of alcohol should be
made illegal to overcome the social problems
drinking causes.
We need consistency in our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Write
3
details
• We recognise the destructive effect
of heroin on
families by banning it.
about
this
• Cocaine is used recreationally, like
reason.
alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take action to make
alcohol illegal now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such as heroin. If
it was banned, it would mean that we would
be more consistent in our approach to mindaltering drugs. Finally, it contributes to all
manner of crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented.
Summarise
your 3 reasons.
Step
3:
Complete
the
graphic
In
many
countries
alcohol is a
It is just as addictive as
contributory factor in 60-70% of
other drugs.
organizer.
violent crimes.
Elaborate on
• Cocaine
one detail.
• Heroin
ELABORATE
• Cannabis
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
• Murder.
The sale and consumption of alcohol should be
made illegal to overcome the social problems
drinking causes.
We need consistency in our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
• We recognise the destructive effect
of heroin on families by banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally, like
alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take action to make
alcohol illegal now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such as heroin. If
it was banned, it would mean that we would
be more consistent in our approach to mindaltering drugs. Finally, it contributes to all
manner of crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented.
Step 3: Complete
thecountries
graphic
In many
alcohol is a
contributory factor in 60-70% of
organizer.
violent crimes.
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the
release of dopamine - a chemical which
produces feelings of satisfaction. It also
increases the production of the brain's
natural painkiller - endorphin - which
scientists think could beELABORATE
the means by
which the brain becomes trained to
crave the drug. All this is very similar to
the effects of heroin.
• Child abuse
Statistics
show that
Elaborate
on
alcohol
plays
a
direct
part
• Domestic violence
in•one
about
a quarter of
Murder. detail.
domestic violence cases.
The sale and consumption of alcohol should be
made illegal to overcome the social problems
drinking it causes.
We need consistency in our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
• We recognise the destructive effect
of heroin on families by banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally, like
alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take action to make
alcohol illegal now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such as heroin. If
it was banned, it would mean that we would
be more consistent in our approach to mindaltering drugs. Finally, it contributes to all
manner of crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented.
Step 3: Complete
thecountries
graphic
In many
alcohol is a
contributory factor in 60-70% of
organizer.
violent crimes.
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the
release of dopamine - a chemical which
produces feelings of satisfaction. It also
increases the production of the brain's
natural painkiller - endorphin - which
scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to
crave the drug. All this is very similar to
the effects of heroin.
Statistics show that
alcohol plays a direct part
in about a quarter of
domestic violence cases.
The sale and consumption of alcohol should be
made illegal to overcome the social problems
drinking causes.
We need consistency in our drug laws.
It is important that we take action to make
alcohol illegal now. It is just as harmful and
•Cannabis
Cannabis
causes
is banned.
almost no ELABORATE
social
addictive as illegal drugs, such as heroin. If
problems and is not addictive, yet
it was banned, it would mean that we would
• We recognise the destructive effect
is still banned. Alcohol, on the
be more consistent in our approach to mindof heroin on families by banning it.
other hand, was directly involved in
altering drugs. Finally, it contributes to all
•6,541
Cocaine
deaths
is used
in England
recreationally,
alone in like
manner of crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented.
2007.
alcohol, yet is banned.
Elaborate on
one detail.
Step 5: Add transitions
Firstly,
Moreover,
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Furthermore,
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
The sale and consumption of alcohol
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
For these
reasons,
Example: We need consistency in
It is important that we take action
our drug laws.
to make alcohol illegal now. It is
• Cannabis is banned.
just as harmful and addictive as
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
illegal drugs, such as heroin. If it
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
was banned, it would mean that
alone in 2007.
we would be more consistent in
• We recognise the destructive
our approach to mind-altering
effect of heroin on families by
drugs. Finally, it contributes to all
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally, manner of crimes, which otherwise
might be prevented.
like alcohol, yet is banned.
Now you need
to add
connectives
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Firstly,
Moreover,
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
The sale and consumption of alcohol
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
Furthermore,
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
For these
reasons,
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such as
heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our approach
to mind-altering drugs. Finally, it
contributes to all manner of
crimes, which otherwise might
be prevented.
Each square
will become
a paragraph.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
The introductory
paragraph will
sum up each
reason from your
planning sheet.
Here is a
reminder of the
reasons from the
plan.
It is widely recognised that there is a massive
issue with alcohol in Scotland at the moment.
Underage drinking is rife and causes many social
problems. Teenagers create disturbances in the
street and intimidate law-abiding passers-by.
Drinking-related illnesses cost the NHS millions
of pounds each year. In almost all countries in
the world, adults are allowed to buy and drink
alcohol with very little restriction. This is in
direct contrast to the legal situation with regard
to other mind-altering drugs such as cannabis,
cocaine, ecstasy, acid, and heroin. This situation
cannot be allowed to continue. The sale and
consumption of alcohol has to be made illegal to
overcome the social problems drinking causes.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Begin the
introductory
paragraph
with a hook.
In the UK, 24% of people are considered to be
“hazardous drinkers”. How can we let such a large
percentage of people devastate their health, their
society and ruin the lives of others? It is widely
recognised that there is a massive issue with alcohol
in Scotland at the moment. Underage drinking is rife
and causes many social problems. Teenagers create
disturbances in the street and intimidate law-abiding
passers-by. Drinking-related illnesses cost the NHS
millions of pounds each year. In almost all countries
in the world, adults are allowed to buy and drink
alcohol with very little restriction. This is in direct
contrast to the legal situation with regard to other
mind-altering drugs such as cannabis, cocaine,
ecstasy, acid, and heroin. This situation cannot be
allowed to continue. The sale and consumption of
alcohol has to be made illegal to overcome the social
problems drinking causes.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Firstly,
Next Paragraph
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Moreover,
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
sale and consumption of alcohol
Furthermore, The
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such
as heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our
approach to mind-altering
drugs. Finally, it contributes to
all manner of crimes, which
otherwise might be prevented.
For these
reasons,
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Next Paragraph
Firstly, alcohol is just as addictive as other
drugs. Heroin, cocaine and cannabis have all
been shown to have very similar effects to
alcohol. Why would we continue to keep
alcohol legal, when it has the same mindaltering effects as many illegal drugs? Just like
heroin, alcohol triggers the release of dopamine
- a chemical which produces feelings of
satisfaction. It also increases the production of
the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin - which
scientists think could be the means by which
the brain becomes trained to crave the drug. All
this is very similar to the effects of otherwise
illegal drugs. It also makes it highly addictive. It
seems absurd that anyone in their right mind
would want to keep a mind-altering drug, which
endangers the user and others, legal.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Firstly,
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Next Paragraph
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Moreover,
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
sale and consumption of alcohol
Furthermore, The
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such
as heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our
approach to mind-altering
drugs. Finally, it contributes to
all manner of crimes, which
otherwise might be prevented.
For these
reasons,
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Next Paragraph
Moreover, alcohol significantly increases the
chances of a violent crime being committed.
Alcohol is a contributory factor in 65-70% of
violent crimes, such as child abuse and
murder. For instance, statistics from the U.S.
show that alcohol is a factor in around a
quarter of domestic abuse cases. It is clear
that if we want a more peaceful, more
ordered society that alcohol has to be
removed from it.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Firstly,
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Moreover,
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
sale and consumption of alcohol
Furthermore, The
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Next Paragraph
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such
as heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our
approach to mind-altering
drugs. Finally, it contributes to
all manner of crimes, which
otherwise might be prevented.
For these
reasons,
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Next Paragraph
Furthermore, it is about time that we
achieved some consistency with our laws
on drugs. We recognise the damage heroin
does to society by banning it. Cocaine, just
like alcohol, is also used recreationally, yet
is still illegal. Cannabis causes almost no
social problems and is not addictive, yet is
still banned. Alcohol, on the other hand,
was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in
England alone in 2007. This means that if
we continue to allow people to drink
alcohol, that we are nothing but hypocrites.
We can’t ban one “bad” drug and not
another. By not banning alcohol we risk
great damage to society and show
inconsistency.
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Firstly,
Example: It is just as
addictive as other drugs.
• Heroin
Just like heroin, alcohol triggers the release of
dopamine - a chemical which produces feelings
of satisfaction. It also increases the production
of the brain's natural painkiller - endorphin which scientists think could be the means by
which the brain becomes trained to crave the
drug. All this is very similar to the effects of
heroin.
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
Moreover,
Example: In many countries
alcohol is a contributory factor
in 60-70% of violent crimes.
• Child abuse
• Domestic violence
Statistics show that alcohol plays a direct
part in about a quarter of domestic
violence cases.
• Murder.
sale and consumption of alcohol
Furthermore, The
should be made illegal to overcome
the social problems drinking causes.
Example: We need consistency in
our drug laws.
• Cannabis is banned.
Cannabis causes almost no social problems and is not
addictive, yet is still banned. Alcohol, on the other
hand, was directly involved in 6,541 deaths in England
alone in 2007.
Next Paragraph
• We recognise the destructive
effect of heroin on families by
banning it.
• Cocaine is used recreationally,
like alcohol, yet is banned.
It is important that we take
action to make alcohol illegal
now. It is just as harmful and
addictive as illegal drugs, such
as heroin. If it was banned, it
would mean that we would be
more consistent in our
approach to mind-altering
drugs. Finally, it contributes to
all manner of crimes, which
otherwise might be prevented.
For these
reasons,
Step 6: From your notes to paper
Summary
Paragraph
Ending PUNCH
For these reasons, it is
important that we take action to
make alcohol illegal now. It is just as
harmful and addictive as illegal
drugs, such as heroin. If it was
banned, it would mean that we
would be more consistent in our
approach to mind-altering drugs.
Finally, it contributes to all manner
of crimes, which otherwise might be
prevented. Ban alcohol and save our
society from further ruin!
Step 7: Vocabulary
Review your paragraphs.
Can you add adjectives (describing words)
and interesting adverbs (describing action
words)?
These will help to make your work more
opinionated and help you to express your
point of view more clearly than you would
expect in a more neutral discursive essay.
Step 7: Vocabulary
BEFORE:
Many resources are used
caring for those injured as
a result of being drunk.
How could you
rewrite this for
a persuasive
essay?
Persuasive
essay style
Discursive
essay style
AFTER:
Many precious resources
are exhausted caring for
those seriously injured as
a result of being stupidly
and carelessly drunk.
Step 7: Vocabulary
Remember: The more
sophisticated vocabulary you
use, the better your writing.
How can you “pull the
heartstrings” of the reader?
bad
dreadful
Step 8: Visual Expression
Use metaphors and
similes to give your
essay more visual
expression.
The
cost
of
alcoholism
to
The cost of alcoholism
the health care system is
to the health care
massive; it drains the
system
is
great.
tank of our economy like
a leaking tap.
Step 9: Use of Rhetorical Devices
1. Rhetorical question
Can we really expect the school to keep paying from its limited resources?
2. Emotive language
Imagine being cast out into the street, cold, lonely and frightened.
3. Parallel structures
To show kindness is praiseworthy; to show hatred is evil.
4. Sound patterns
Alliteration: Callous, calculating cruelty – is this what we must expect?
Assonance: A fine time we all had, too.
5. Contrast
Sometimes we have to be cruel to be kind.
6. Description and Imagery (i.e. using metaphor, simile and personification)
While we wait and do nothing, we must not forget that the fuse is already burning.
7. The ‘rule of three’
I ask you, is this fair, is it right, is it just?
8. Repetition
Evil minds will use evil means.
9. Hyperbole (using exaggeration for effect)
While we await your decision, the whole school holds its breath.
10. Anecdote
Using a story from your experience to illustrate a point or idea.
Step 9: Use of Rhetorical Devices
1. Rhetorical question
7. The ‘rule of three’
2. Emotive language
8. Repetition
3. Parallel structures
9. Hyperbole
4. Sound patterns
10. Anecdote
5. Contrast
6. Description and
Imagery
Step 9: Reread Your Work
Reread your work to make sure you have:
Taken a stand and stay on the topic
Given your reasons in the introductory paragraph
Have paragraphs that support each reason
Elaborate on a reason in each paragraph
Have a summary paragraph that restates your reasons
Begin each paragraph with a transition word
Include adjectives, adverbs, similes, metaphors and other
rhetorical devices.
The Planning Process
Step 3: Complete the graphic
1) Write one organizer.
2) Write another
reason for your
point of view
reason for your
point of view
Title
3) Write another
reason for
your point of
view
4) Summarise
your 3 reasons
Step 3: Complete the graphic
organizer.
5) Write 3
details about
this reason
6) Write 3 details
about this
reason
Title
7) Write 3
details about
this reason
Summarise
your 3 reasons
Step 3: Complete the graphic
organizer.
8) Elaborate
on one
detail
9) Elaborate
on one
detail
Title
10) Elaborate
on one
detail
Summarise
your 3 reasons