Transcript Individual Warm-up

Individual Warm-up
Match the Perspective with the Key Idea
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• feelings and desires are most
important.
Psychodynamic
• it's about survival and
Behavioral
adaptation.
Cognitive
• thinking in groups.
Humanistic
Biomedical
• measurable behavior is most
Evolutionary
important.
Socio-cultural
• thinking and intelligence are
Social Cognitive
most important.
• unconscious is most important
• brain and nerves, medication.
• it's all about society.
Physical Dependence or Addiction
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This is a physiological state in which
drug use is necessary to prevent a
withdrawal symptom
Withdrawal is painful and long – that is
why there is such a high rate of relapse
for drug users.
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Tolerance
– This is a condition in which increasingly
large drug doses are necessary to achieve
the same effect
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Psychological Dependence
– This is a condition in which the person
continues drug use despite adverse effects,
needs the drug for a sense of well being,
and is preoccupied with obtaining the drug if
it is no longer available
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Learned Expectations Contribute to the
Effects of Many Drugs
– The power of suggestion and experience
Categories of drugs
• Depressants – Slow down your Central Nervous System by inhibiting
GABA
– Slow down your reaction time and interfere with judgment.
– Alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers (valium)
• Stimulants – arouse the Sympathetic NS by increasing norepinephrine
– Make an individual feel more confident or energetic. Sense of euphoria.
– Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine
• Opiates – Powerful pain killers
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Most addictive
Work by mimicking endorphins in the brain.
Euphoria or loss of pain.
Heroin, morphine, and codeine
• Psychedelics (or hallucinogenics) – Loss of reality, serotonin agonist
• Know psychological v. physical dependence
Check your Understanding
• Which of the following
is not an example of a
depressant?
• A. Alcohol
• B. Barbiturates
• C.Tranquilizers
• D. Cocaine
• Drugs that speed up
your nervous system
and can cause heart
failure are called:
• A. Stimulants
• B. Depressants
• C. Opiates
• D. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic drugs that change your
perception of reality.
– Some (LSD) are produced in a lab
– Others (peyote, mushrooms, marijuana) are
natural substances.
– Traces of these drugs stay in the body for
weeks after they are taken
– Reverses tolerance – because traces stay in
your blood – you need less to get the same
effect.
Amphetamines and
Methamphetamines
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Potent stimulants that are highly
addictive and produce feelings of
exhilaration and power are
amphetamines (A stimulant to the
central nervous system that
increases energy and decreases
appetite; used to treat narcolepsy
and some forms of depression.) sometimes referred to as "speed"
or "uppers".
They're also associated with
violent behavior, which can arise
from the feelings of invulnerability
the drug produces and from the
depression that occurs when the
drug wears off.
Commercially produced
amphetamines include Benzedrine
and Dexedrine.
• There are synthetic and extremely addictive
amphetamines called methamphetamines:
– A highly psychologically addictive, illicit, synthetic
stimulant drug which induces feelings of euphoria. In
pure form, it is a colorless crystalline solid, sold on the
streets as glass, ice, or crystal. As less pure form, it's
sold as crystalline powder referred to as crank or
speed, or in rock formation as tweak, dope, or raw.
• sometimes referred to as "crank" or "ice"). They
are often produced illegally in a dangerous
process involving highly toxic chemicals.
• Dopamine plays an important role in the
regulation of pleasure. Dopamine is
manufactured is in the nerve cells within the
ventral tegmental area. It's released in the
nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.
Barbiturates
• Barbiturates are powerful
depressants that are
classified as sedatives or
hypnotics.
• These highly addictive
drugs are legal when
prescribed by physicians,
but can be very
dangerous when abused
or mixed with other drugs.
• Types of barbiturates
include amobarbital and
phenobarbital.
Ecstasy or MDMA
• MDMA has both stimulant
(amphetamine-like) and
hallucinogenic (LSD-like)
properties. It also
produces spasms in the
jaw muscles and a sense
of "oneness" with others.
• Though the drug isn't
addictive, it is neurotoxic,
and in high enough doses
it destroys serotonincontaining neurons in the
brain. It also elevates body
temperature, which can
cause damage to muscles,
the heart and blood
vessels, and kidneys.
Check Your Understanding
• Amphetamines
• Barbiturates
• MDMA
• Produces spasms in the jaw
muscles
• Sometimes referred to as
“crank” or “ice”
• Nervous system depressants
• Powerful depressants
• Destroys serotonin-containing
neurons in the brain.
• Types include Benzadrine and
Dexadrin
• Has both stimulate &
hallucinogenic properties.
• Associated with violent behavior
• Types include amobarbital, and
phenobarbital
Physical and Psychological
Addiction
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the
American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV)
makes a distinction between substance abuse
and substance dependence. The concepts of
tolerance and withdrawal are crucial to making
these distinctions.
• Tolerance is defined as the need for larger
amounts of the substance to achieve the desired
effect. For example, if you previously needed a
cup of coffee to get going in the morning, but
now you need two or three, then you have
become more tolerant to the effects of caffeine.
• Withdrawal refers to the physical (and sometimes
psychological) effects experienced after discontinuing a
drug after a period of use. Many substances have
characteristic withdrawal symptoms, and some of them
can be quite dangerous. Withdrawal from severe alcohol
abuse, for example, can involve fever, agitation, nausea,
vomiting, delirium, seizures, and even death. For this
reason, experts strongly recommend that, in cases of
severe substance abuse, detoxification take place under
medical supervision.
• Withdrawal symptoms can be psychological as well as
physical, and psychological withdrawal symptoms are no
less difficult to handle. Many substances aren't
necessarily physically addictive, but they exert a
powerful psychological hold on the user, making
withdrawal a very uncomfortable experience.
Summary
• 1. The physical and
sometimes
psychological effect of
discontinuing a drug
after a period of use
is known as:
• a. withdrawal.
• b. tolerance.
• c. reverse tolerance.
• d. reverse withdrawal.
• 2. If Joe finds he
needs more and more
alcohol to achieve the
same level of
intoxication, he is
developing:
• a. withdrawal.
• b. tolerance.
• c. reverse tolerance.
• d. reverse withdrawal.