Transcript Chapter 9 - Waterford Union High School

Chapter 9
Drugs and Toxicology
(PBS-secrets of dead –executed by error -56 min)
A bottle of Bayer's 'Heroin'.
Between 1890 and 1910 heroin was sold
asa non-addictive substitute for
morphine.
It was also used to treat children suffering
with a strong cough.
Produced by the Maltine Manufacturing
Company of New York . It was suggested
that you should take a full glass with or
after every meal. Children should only take
half a glass.
A paperweight promoting C.F. Boehringer
& Soehne ( Mannheim , Germany ). They
were proud of being the biggest producers
in the world of products containing Quinine
and Cocaine.
At 40% alcohol plus 3 grams of opium per
tablet. It didn't cure you... but you didn't
care!
Cocaine Tablets (1900).
All stage actors, singers, teachers and
preachers had to have them for a
maximum performance. Great to 'smooth'
the voice.
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Very popular for children in 1885. Not only did they
relieve the pain, they made the children very happy!
Opium for newborns.
I'm sure this would make them sleep well.
(not only the Opium, but also the 46% alcohol)
Drugs
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A natural or synthetic substance that is
used to produce physiological or
psychological effects in humans/animals
75% of evidence in crime labs is drug
related
Drug Dependence
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Is dependent on the personal
characteristics of the users, societies
attitudes and setting that the drugs are
used in
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newbook\drugs\Popular_Drugs__Their_
Side_Effects.wmv
Psychological Dependence
(table 9-1)
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The conditioned use of a drug caused by
underlying emotional needs
Created by continued use of a drug
Psychological dependence greater w/ :
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Psychological dependence less w/:
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• Heroin, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
• Marijuana, LSD, codeine
Physical Dependence
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Occurs when a user abstains from a drug
and a physical illness occurs
The desire to avoid “withdrawal sickness”
causes the physical dependence
Develops when user adheres to a regular
schedule of intake (drug never wears off)
Narcotics, depressants have higher
amounts of physical dependence than
stimulants and hallucinogens
Kids and Drugs
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http://www.drugfree.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/09/drug-guide2.pdf?utm_source=drug%2Bguide%2Bla
nding%2Bpage&utm_medium=rx%2Bdr
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g%2Bguide
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10% of American 8th graders report using an illicit
drug in the last month
$6,120 per second is the $ lost to the US society
because of drug use (loss of productivity, health care
cost)
Every day, approximately 4,700 American youth
under age 18 try marijuana for the first time.
Wisconsin state- drug info
Source: From the laboratories of
Drs. N. Volkow and H. Schelbert
Addiction is similar to other
diseases, such as heart disease.
Both disrupt the normal, healthy
functioning of the underlying
organ, have serious harmful
consequences, are preventable,
treatable, and if left untreated,
can last a lifetime.
Decreased Dopamine
Transporters in a
Methamphetamine Abuser
Narcotics
By: Dan, Tylor, Johnny
What is it?

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Substances that bind at opiate receptors;
refers to opium, opium derivatives, and
semi-synthetic substitutes
Street Names: Mr. Brownstone, Horse,
Scat, Smack, China White, Hard Stuff,
Crank, Jive, Junk, Shag, Dope
Often smoked, sniffed, or injected; can be
taken orally, transdermally (skin patches)
Effects
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Effects: Drowsiness, inability to concentrate,
apathy, lessened physical activity,
constriction of the pupils, dilation of the
subcutaneous blood vessels, constipation,
nausea, vomiting, and respiratory
depression
Produce a general sense of well-being by
reducing tension, anxiety, and aggression
Effects depend heavily on the dosage
Dangers (Addiction)
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Risk of infection, disease, and overdose
Street drugs have unknown compositions, may
contain adulterants; non-sterile injection
Hepatitis and AIDS in narcotic abusers
No way to determine drug purity, may be fatal
Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression for
overdose
Tolerance and Dependence develop, need to
consume larger doses to obtain desired effect
Shorter acting narcotics produce shorter, more
intense withdrawal symptoms, longer acting ones
produce less severe withdrawal syndrome
Pictures of Heroin
Hallucinogens
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Substance that induce changes in mood
attitude, thought or perception
Marijuana
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Marijuana is a plant that is grown in tropical
regions.
There are many street names for Marijuana
such as
Pot
Mary Jane
Weed
Ganja
Dope
Bud
THC is the cause of most of effects.
Marijuana is smoked in as a joint, blunt, in a
bong or pipe. The effects are felt in 10 to 30
minutes and may linger for up to three hours.
Low doses may enhance your sense of sight,
of smell, taste, and hearing.
Stronger doses intensify your reaction time,
fluctuating emotions, fragmented thoughts,
impaired memory, and some illusion.
Higher doses can lead to image distortion,
memory loss, and hallucinations.
EFFECTS
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Increased Heart rate, dryness of the mouth, reddening of the eyes,
impaired motor skills, concentration, and a desired hunger for sweets.
Excessive use can damage your lungs and reproductive system as well as
suppression of the immune system.
Many have reported hallucinations, fantasies, and paranoia.
DANGERS
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Long-term use may result in Amotivational Syndrome: apathy,
impairment of judgment, memory and concentration, and loss of interest in
personal appearance and pursuit of goals. (lazy)
Marijuana contains known toxins and cancer-causing chemicals. Marijuana
users experience the same health problems as tobacco smokers, such as
bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma.
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Addiction is controversial. There are 300 million users world wide.
Marijuana is not addictive physically, but is known to be mentally
addictive.
Among younger Americans, 17.5 percent of 8th graders and 46.1
percent of 12th graders had used marijuana in their lifetime.
Weird Facts
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The profits made in 2004 by selling marijuana in the United States
exceeded 9 Billion dollars.
California, Hawaii, and Kentucky are the three states that illegally grow
the most pot in the United States.
The marijuana leaves are the part of the plant that is illegal, however
the seeds to the plant are not illegal.
LSD and Mescaline
What is it?
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

Known as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
It’s a Hallucinogen- Mood altering drug
Also known as
• Acid
• Window pane
• Microdots
How is it taken?
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When in liquid form, added to absorbent
paper that is eaten.
Different liquid and gelatin forms are taken
through the eyes.
Can also be found in tablet and capsule
form, and taken orally.
Effects
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•
Psychological
• Depression, anxiety, fear, and panic
• Feels indestructible
• Isolation
• Warped self perception and visual perception
Physical
•Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body
temperature
•Dilated pupils
•Loss of muscle control
•Heightened awareness of sensory input
Dangers and Addiction
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There are over 200 different forms of LSD
that appear on over 350 different types of
“paper”
May cause psychosis, and later in life have
flashbacks.
Very common in clubs, so underestimate
dangers.
Not physically addictive, but do develop
tolerance so need more.
Other Information
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Is odorless, colorless, and tasteless
Made from a fungus that grows on rye and
other grains
Mescaline comes from the mushroom
peyote
PCP & Ketamine
PCP (Phencyclidine), commonly referred to as angel dust, ozone, wack,
rocket fuel, is a dissociative drug because it distorts perceptions of sight
and sound and produces feelings of detachment from the environment
and yourself.
Ketamine, also called Special K, green, K, cat valium, is a powerful
hallucinogen that is taken from animal tranquilizers.
Basic Information
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How to use it
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PCP starts as a white crystalline powder and is turned into
many forms such as tablets, capsules, and colored powders. It
is snorted, smoked or ingested.
Ketamine comes as either a clear liquid or powder. It is usually
snorted, but some users smoke it.
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Effects and Dangers
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PCP creates a slight increase in breathing rate, blood pressure,
and pulse rate. Breathing is shallow and users sweat profusely.
High doses can cause vomiting, nausea, seizures, coma, and
even death.
Ketamine can cause anesthesia, immobility anesthesia,
cataplexy, immobility, tachycardia, increased blood pressure,
nystagmus, hypersalivation, increased urinary output, profound
insensitivity to pain, amnesia, slurred speech, and lack of
coordination.
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Ketamine (animal tranquilizers)
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Ketamine comes as either a clear liquid or
powder. It is usually snorted, but some users
smoke it.
Ketamine can cause anesthesia, immobility
anesthesia, cataplexy, immobility,
tachycardia, increased blood pressure,
nystagmus, hypersalivation, increased
urinary output, profound insensitivity to pain,
amnesia, slurred speech, and lack of
coordination
Addictiveness and Other Info.
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Ketamine hasn’t shown that the users are addicted or have any sort of
dependency.
PCP is addicting, but only psychologically.
Abuse of PCP seemed to peak in the late 1970s. Because it is
inexpensive to produce, PCP is sometimes sold on the streets as
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana;
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); or other exotic designer
hallucinogens.
Ketamine was developed in the min 1960’s and is an anaesthetic drug
legally produced for use in human and animal medicine, although it is
rarely used in humans due to the side effects.
The possession and use of Ketamine is currently not illegal.
The unauthorized manufacture or sale of Ketamine is an
offence under the Medicines Act.
Mescaline
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Peyote- cactus
Usage:
Generally, from 4-20 buttons, are eaten or made into
tea. 500 mg is considered a standard hallucinogenic
dose of mescaline.
Peyote users experience color as distinctly brilliant
and intense. Delurium.
Physical Dependence: None
Psychological Dependence: Moderate
Psilocybin
Street names: Boomers,
Silly Putty, Musk, and God’s
Flesh
What is it and How is it taken?
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A hallucinogenic
substance obtained
from certain types of
mushrooms found in
tropical areas.
The mushrooms
contain 0.2 to 0.4
percent psilocybin
and a trace amount
of psilocyn.

Psilocybin
mushrooms are
ingested orally.
They may be brewed
into tea, added to
other foods or
covered in chocolate
to be disguised as
candy and also to
hide their bitter taste.
Effects and Dangers
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Physical effects: appear 20 minutes
within ingestion and last 6 hours,
nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness,
drowsiness, and lack of coordination.
Psychological effects: hallucinations and
an inability to discern fantasy from
reality.
MDMA
Ecstasy, go, X, Adam,
hug drug
Facts
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What is it?
•
A human-made stimulant and hallucinogen, often
associated with raves
How is it taken?
•
Usually ingested in tablet form, but can also be
crushed, snorted, injected, or suppository form
What type of addiction?
•
Physiological and Psychological
What does it cost?
•
As high as $40 a tablet, but usually between $20-$30
Effects
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What are short-term
effects?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Severe dehydration
Heat stroke
Rapid heartbeat
High blood pressure
Faintness
Muscle cramping
Panic attacks
Loss of consciousness
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What are long-term
effects (dangers)?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hypothermia
Muscle breakdown
Seizures
Stroke
Kidney and
cardiovascular failure
Permanent damage to
brain
Death
Depressants
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Substance used to depress the functions
of the central nervous system
Calm irritability and anxiety and may
induce sleep
Alcohol
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Ethanol, a colorless, flamable compound
with molecular form C2H60 is the active
ingredient in alcohol.
Alcohol, a depressant, is also known as
booze, liquor, grandpa’s cough
medicine, and several other regional
nicknames.
It is consumed orally.
Alcohol
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Depending on consumption amount alcohol
can lead to dehydration, feelings of relaxation,
blurred vision, coordination problems, and
slowed reactions.
Overuse of alcohol can lead to vomiting,
asphyxiation, unconsciousness, coma,
dependency or death.
Long term use can lead to cirrhosis of the liver,
delirium tremens, among other fatalities.
Alcohol
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Alcohol is psychological addictive,
physical addictive, and a neurochemical,
meaning misuse of alcohol becomes a
learned, socially accepted addiction.
Alcohol use dates back to 9000 B.C.
Barbiturates
Use this website to
summarize
What is it?
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Barbiturates act to depress the central
nervous system and are often called
sleeping pills.
Barbiturates have been used extensively
in the past as sedatives
Street Names
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Yellow Jackets, Blues, Reds
Effects
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Barbiturates at high doses act to remove
inhibitory behavior
A major problem with barbiturates is that
they may lead to tolerance and
dependence
Dangers
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Barbiturates can lead to excessive
sedation and cause anesthesia, coma
and even death.
Barbiturate overdoses may occur
because the effective dose of the drug is
not too far away from the lethal dose.
Addiction
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Users become tolerant and dependent
Tolerance occurs when a greater and
greater amount of the drug is required to
get the desired effect
Dependence occurs when a person feels
like he or she must use the drug and
withdrawal symptoms occur when the
person stops using the drug
Pictures
Tranquilizers
Use this website to
summarize
Tranquilizers are drugs
used to treat anxiety or
problems with sleep.
There are two types:
Major- referred to as
Neuroleptics and are
most commonly
called “antipsychotics”
Minor- are the more
common of the
tranquilizers.
Libs, Tranks, Benzos, Vees,
Happy Pills, BZD’s, and
Downers
Oral, Swallowed as a tablet,
capsule, or liquid.
Drowsiness
They are particularly dangerous in
Calmness
combination with other depressants
because they magnify each other’s
Depression
effects. Long-term use of some of these
Memory Loss
drugs has been associated with
increased aggressivity and significant
Hallucinations
depression. Tranquilizer use may be
Fatigue
associated with memory problems and
cerebral atrophy (brain shrinkage). The
Difficulty Concentrating
effects of sedation are a continuum from
A “floating” or disconnected sensation relaxation to significant sedation to coma
to death.
Depressed Hearbeat
Depressed Breathing
Excessive Sleep or Sleepiness
Mental Confusion
Addiction (Psychological)
Tranquilizers are the most widely prescribed
psychotherapeutic agents in the world and
are most involved in suicide attempts and
accidental overdoses.
Tranquilizers
Difference between
Tranquilizers and Barbituates
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The main difference lies in their chemical
structure.
In general, tranquilizers and
barbiturates have similar effects, but
barbiturates are stronger and more
addictive
Barbiturates are prescribed less often
now that doctors have a greater number
of tranquilizers and sleeping pills to
choose from.
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Tranquilizers normally treat anxiety and
can be taken in low doses during the day
(not as much sleepiness), where
barbiturates being stronger are for
inducing sleep for chronic insomniacs.
Inhalants
Inhalants (Huffing)
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Inhalants are legal products abused by
those who sniff or inhale for the purpose
of getting high.
Street Names
• Laughing gas
• Whippets
• Poppers
• Spray
• Poor man’s pot
How It is Taken!
Breathed in
through the
nose and mouth
in a variety of
ways.
Common Inhalants:
Rubber cement, paint
thinner, nail polish
remover, gasoline,
correction fluid,
bleach, spray paint,
aerosol whipped
cream
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Headache, ringing in ears, coughing,
vomiting, chest pain
Possible sudden DEATH!
Strong Hallucinations
Lack of coordination
Highly Addictive!!!!!
Effects!
Act on the brain and destroys the outer lining of
brain cell, making it impossible for those cells to
communicate. Symptoms of use include dilated
pupils, blisters or rash around the nose or mouth,
chronic cough, nausea, and headaches,
disorientation, and chemical odor on the breath.
After only six months of use lungs, brain, nerves,
liver, kidneys and bones may be permanently
damaged.
Atrophy of the Brain- Inhalants
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2006 survey- 9.1 %
of US 8th graders
admitted using
inhalants in the
previous year
(compared to 4.5%
of high school
seniors)
Stimulants
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Substance taken to increase alertness
and activity
Amphetamines
What is it?
-Psychomotor Stimulant
Street Names:
-Ice, Speed, “Pep Pill”
How is it taken?
-sniffed, snorted, swallowed, injected
Effects:
-Intensified feelings, diminished sleep and
hunger, feeling power, strength, energy, selfassertion, focus, enhanced motivation,
aggression
Dangers:
-depression, fatigue, depressive disorders,
violent behaviors, depletion, neuronal stores of
dopomine in pleasure centers of the brain
-causes paranoia, anxiety, confusion, insomnia,
and could lead to suicide
Addictive:
- a chronic addiction
- causes of relapsing disease which creates
functional and molecular changes in the brain
making people crave the drug
Other Information
- related to ephedrine
- structurally related to adrenaline
- once used for asthmatics, hay fever sufferers,
and anyone with a cold
- once prescribed for depression
- used for Parkinson's Disease, epilepsy, travel
sickness, night blindness, hyperactivity,
obesity, narcolepsy, impotence, apathy
- was used by the soldiers in World War II
Cocaine
By: Cara Broeker and Hilary
Kopczenski
What is it?
Crack
Is cocaine that has been
processed from cocaine
hydrochloride to a free base
for smoking.
Sold in small forms known as
“rocks.”
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Cocaine
Appears as a white
crystalline powder or offwhite chunky material
Cocaine is a powerful drug
made from the leaves of the
coca plant.
Mostly found in South
America
The leaves produce a paste
the paste is then purified to
produce a white powder, the
powder is often weakened
with sugar, cornstarch or
talcum powder.
Street Names
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Snow, C, Flake, Coke, Blow, charlie,
toot, nose candy, cola, white dust, and
crack.
How is it Taken?
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Sniffed or snorted through the nostrils
and absorbed into the body through the
respiratory tract
Sometimes it is smoked or injected by
dissolving the powder cocaine in water,
What are the Effects?
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Increase activity in nervous system. Produces
increased alertness, high energy, and
Euphoria. These affects are followed by
agitation, anxiety and decreased appetite.
Causes high blood pressure, rapid heart rate,
rapid breathing and sweating
With a large amount you can experience
violent behavior, twitching, hallucinations,
chest pains, blurred vision, vomiting, and even
heart attacks.
Dangers
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Over long period of time can leave users agitated and
cause mood swings and depression.
Loss of appetite, not being able to sleep, and sexual
problems.
When snorted – can cause tissue damage in nose,
chronic snorting causes stuffed, running chapped or
bleeding noses and holes in the barrier separating the
nostrils, can result in ulceration of the mucous
membranes of the nose that can damage the nasal
septum to cause it to collapse.
People who smoke it can develop lung and breathing
problems, some cough up black phlegm or even blood.
People who inject, especially if you share needles, you
are at risk for infectious diseases like hepatitis and HIV.
Addiction
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
Cocaine changes people’s brain
chemistry and creates a craving that
makes it very difficult for them to stop
using cocaine.
Crack reaches the brain quickly, causes
brief high that is followed by severe low,
that low leads people to use more crack
to get to that high and that pattern leads
to addiction.
Interesting Facts
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Adults 26 and older have highest rate of
current cocaine use compared to other groups
It was originally used in South America in the
mid-19th century by natives of the region to
relieve fatigue.
Crack, got its name from the crackling sound
made when heating the sodium bicarbonate or
ammonia used during production.
The most potent stimulant of natural origin.
Anabolic Steroids
EWWWWWW
!
Anabolic Steroids
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closely related chemically to the male sex
hormone testosterone.
These artificial substances were developed in the
1930's
Street names include roids and juice.
Anabolic steroids can be taken orally or injected.
This drug causes muscle growth and addiction in
the people who use it.
Anabolic Steroids (cont.)
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Dangers of anabolic steroids include the following:
shrinking of the privates, infertility, baldness,
development of breasts, liver tumors, jaundice
(yellowing of the skin), and aggression.
Anabolic steroids cause a psychological addiction
with withdrawal symptoms such as mood swings,
fatigue, restlessness, loss of appetite, reduced sex
drive, and depression.
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Results from the 2007 Monitoring the Future Study,
which surveys students in eighth, tenth, and twelfth
grades, show that 1.5% of eighth graders, 1.8% of
tenth graders, and 2.2% of twelfth graders reported
using steroids at least once in their lifetimes. 6
the ease by which one can obtain steroids, 17.0% of
eighth graders, 27.7% of tenth graders, and 40.1% of
twelfth graders surveyed in 2006 reported that
steroids were "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain.
Furthermore, 57.4% of twelfth graders surveyed
reported that using steroids was a "great risk” during
2007.7
Club Drugs
GHB /Rohypnol
(date rape drugsdepressants)
GHB
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Gamma hydroxybutyrate
Sold in liquid form at bars/raves- $5-$25
per capful, or as powder than can be
dissolved in liquid (clear/colorless/slightly
salty taste)
Used to be used to treat narcolepsy
Slang: Georgia Home Boy, Liquid X,
Grievous Bodily Harm
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
Effects: decreased anxiety, confusion,
memory impairment, slowed heart
rate/breathing, nausea
Produces serious physical addiction
Rohypnol
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Flunitrazepam, sedative/muscle
relaxant, prescribed outside US as
treatment for insomnia
White or green tablet, mixed in drinks it
is colorless/tasteless/odorless
Slang: roofies, forget-me-not pill,
mexican valium, lunch money drug

Effects: slows down functioning,
drowsiness, sleep, amnesia, decreased
reaction time, confusion, slurred speech,
loss of motor coordination
• When combined with alcohol, produces an
exaggerated intoxication

Can produce physical dependence
Mythbusters- poppy seed cake
Drug Control Laws
Controlled Substance Act
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Establishes schedules of classification
on the basis of the drugs potential for
abuse, physical/psycho. dependence
and medical value
Also assigns penalties (Federal)
Schedule I
(no medical use)
Heroin, opium,
LSD, marijuana
15 yr/ $ 120,000
(5 yr/$50,000 –
marijuana)
Schedule II
(some medical
use)
Morphine,
cocaine,
amphetamines,
methamphet.,
PCP
15 yr/ $125,000
Schedule III
(moderate
dependence)
Codeine, steroids
5 yr/ $ 50,000
Schedule IV
(limited depend.)
Barbiturates,
lithium, valium
3 yr/ $25,000
Schedule V
Cough syrup, over 1 yr/ $10,000
the counter
Wisconsin- Schedule of Drug Offenses
Schedule 1 and 2 drugs not
listed below
Up to 3 ½ years in prison and $10,000 in fines.
Cocaine First Offense
Up to 1 year in jail and $5,000 in fines.
Cocaine 2nd Offense
Up to 3 ½ years in prison and $10,000 in fines.
LSD and other hallucinogens, Up to 1 year in jail and $5,000 in fines.
1st Offense
LSD and other hallucinogens, Up to 3 ½ years in prison and $10,000 in fines.
2nd Offense
GHB , any offense
Up to 6 years in prison and $10,000 in fines.
Methamphetamines, any
offense
Up to 6 years in prison and $10,000 in fines.
Other substances not listed
Up to 30 days in jail and $500 in fines, misdemeanor
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http://www.journaltimes.com/news/local/article_044726c6-920c-5d28a1e6-9117d280c0ee.html
http://www.journaltimes.com/news/local/article_a28d7d7b-36a1-5d159984-da269eb4bedd.html
http://www.journaltimes.com/article_8f644419-aba1-5ccb-bba363128c208da2.html
http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellatecourts/F3/310/542/495577/
Drug Identification
1.
2.
No middle ground- it either is or isn’t
the drug
Screening tests (like color) used for
initial eliminations
•
3.
Then pinpoint it w/ chemical/instrumental
tests
Confirmation is made w/ IR
spectrophotometry or mass spec.
Color tests
(screening purposes)
Opium
Marquis test
Turns purple
Marijuana
DuquenoisLevine test
Turns purple
LSD
Van Urk Test
Turns
blue/purple
Cocaine
Scott Test (3
step –3 solns)
Blue then pink
then blue
Barbiturates
Dillie-Koppanyi Turns violettest
blue
Photo 7 Methamphetamine
Marquis Reagent
Sodium
Nitroprusside
Photo 8 Heroin
Marquis Reagent
Mecke Reagent
Microcrystalline Test
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More specific
Add chemical to drug sample to produce
a crystalline precipitate
Look at size and shape of crystals
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Other tests
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Chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Mass spectrophotometry
Identification of marijuana:
• Look at botanical feature
• Chemical tests
• Microscope- look on upper side of leaf for short
•
hairs that resemble “bear claws”
Also can do thin layer chromatography (TLC)
Heroin (I) (dilute w/quinine) Marquis test-purple
Narcotics
Morphine (II)
(opium)psych.depend Codiene (III)
Hallucinogens Marijuana (I)
LSD (I)
PCP (II)
psilocybin
Depressants Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
Barbiturates (III)
Tranquilizers (IV)
Inhalents (glue/gasoline)
Amphetamines (II)
Stimulants
(psych.depen Cocaine/crack (II)
d)
caffiene
(III)
Steroids
Duquenois-Levine(purple)
Van Urk (blue/purple)
Physical depend.
Physical depend.
Psych.- valium/librium
Sodium nitroprusside
Scott test (blue/pink/blue)
Faces of Meth