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Consciousness:
Focus on Awareness
Consciousness
Our awareness of our own existence,
sensations, and cognitions
of consciousness”
What function does consciousness
serve?
“Stream
Consciousness
Normal consciousness
-different parts of brain activated
Altered states of consciousness
Sleeping
Dreaming
Hypnosis
Meditation
Drug induced
Other?
Culturally
based
Stages of Sleep
EEG-based
measurements
Stage 1
Hypnogogic
Stage
2
Sleep
spindles
Delta
waves
Stages
REM
3 and 4
(rapid eye
movement) sleep
Stages of Sleep
Sleep Deprivation
2/3 adults are not getting enough
Somniphobia-Fear of Sleeping
Nomophobia
REM rebound
Alcohol and sleeping pills
Effects
Attention
drops
Sustained
Physical
attention (sleepy drivers cause 100K+ crashes)
performance
Visual-motor
Mood
The body
tasks
suffers
Increased
Decreased
sleep
cortisol
learning
4-11
days without sleep=craziness
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
How
A)
1
B) 2
C) 5
D)6
many stages of sleep are there?
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“
How
A)
1
B) 2
C) 5
D)6
many stages of sleep are there?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
The Function of Sleep
Why
do we sleep?
Evolutionary
theory
Restorative theory
Facilitating learning
Dreaming
What triggers particular
Solving problems
Why do we dream?
Freud
Wish fulfillment
Manifest content
Latent content
Try not to dream about
dreams?
something
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Editing neural connections
Strengthening neural connections
Goals and motivation (ex: stroke victims)
Manifest
content is to latent content as
________.
A) obvious is to symbolic
B) symbolic is to obvious
C) wish is to fulfillment
D) unconscious is to conscious
E) sexual is to aggressive
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Manifest
content is to latent content as
________.
A) obvious is to symbolic
B) symbolic is to obvious
C) wish is to fulfillment
D) unconscious is to conscious
E) sexual is to aggressive
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that
________.
A) dreams occur as a function of wish
fulfillment
B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve
cell activity
C) there is no logical explanation for why
dreams occur
D) we only dream when we are dealing or
coping with threat in our life
E) dreams help to filter needless information
from the brain
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that
________.
A) dreams occur as a function of wish
fulfillment
B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve
cell activity
C) there is no logical explanation for why
dreams occur
D) we only dream when we are dealing or
coping with threat in our life
E) dreams help to filter needless information
from the brain
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Sleep and the Brain
The
chemistry of sleep
Acetylcholine
Sleeping pills block
Melatonin
Circadian
wake-up neurotransmitters
rhythms
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus (registers changes in
light)
Cortisol cycle
24 or 25 hours?
Shift work (3 Mile Island)/planned naps
Your circadian rhythms impact (your)
________.
A) pulse rate
B) metabolism
C) blood pressure
D) hormone levels
E) all of the above
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“
Your circadian rhythms impact (your)
________.
A) pulse rate
B) metabolism
C) blood pressure
D) hormone levels
E) all of the above
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Troubled Sleep
Night
terrors
Nightmares
Narcolepsy
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
Which
two stages of sleep are referred
to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?
A) Stages 2 and 3
B) Stages 3 and 4
C) Stages 1 and 2
D) Stage 4 and REM sleep
E) NREM and REM sleep
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Which
two stages of sleep are referred
to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?
A) Stages 2 and 3
B) Stages 3 and 4
C) Stages 1 and 2
D) Stage 4 and REM sleep
E) NREM and REM sleep
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“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Hypnosis
Focused awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and a decreased awareness
of the external environment-Mesmer
Hypnotic induction
Trance state
Generalized
Trance
logic
Posthypnotic
reality orientation fading
suggestion
Possession Trance
Night
terrors are most common for
which group?
A) young girls
B) young boys
C) adolescent girls
D) adolescent boys
E) young adults
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“
Night
terrors are most common for
which group?
A) young girls
B) young boys
C) adolescent girls
D) adolescent boys
E) young adults
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Hypnosis Theories
Trance theory
Sociocognitive theory
Evidence from neuroimaging--seeing
Hypnosis as a tool for…
Anxiety
Compulsive
Asthma
Stress
Pain relief
Possession
habits
Trance
colors
Meditation
Religious
Types
traditions
Concentrative
meditation
Opening-up meditation
Mindfulness meditation
Benefits
Reduced
Meditation
tension and anxiety
Decreased stress
Decreased blood pressure
Increased ability to fight infection
Meditation
versus relaxation
Biology of meditation
________
is an altered state of
consciousness in which there is a focused
awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and decreased awareness of
one's external environment.
A) Meditation
B) Trance logic
C) Absorption
D) Hypnosis
E) Hypnotic induction
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
________
is an altered state of
consciousness in which there is a focused
awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and decreased awareness of
one's external environment.
A) Meditation
B) Trance logic
C) Absorption
D) Hypnosis
E) Hypnotic induction
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
All of the following are types of
meditation EXCEPT:
B)
mandalian meditation
C) concentrative meditation
D) opening-up meditation
E) mindfulness meditation
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“
All of the following are types of
meditation EXCEPT:
B)
mandalian meditation
C) concentrative meditation
D) opening-up meditation
E) mindfulness meditation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Drugs and Alcohol
Substance
abuse
Substance
dependence
Pattern
of use leading to distress or
difficulty functioning in major life areas
Use in dangerous situations
Legal difficulties
Tolerance
Withdrawal
a. Tolerance—the condition, resulting from repeated use, in which the same amount
of a substance produces a diminished effect.
b. Withdrawal—cessation of the use of a substance. Withdrawal symptoms are the
uncomfortable or life-threatening effects that may be experienced during withdrawal.
c. Larger amounts of substance taken over more time than intended.
d. Unsuccessful efforts or a persistent desire to decrease or control the substance use.
e. Much time is spent in obtaining the substance, using it, or recovering from its
effects.
f. Important work, social, or recreational activities are given up as a result of the
substance.
g. Despite knowledge of recurrent or ongoing physical or psychological problems
caused or exacerbated by the substance, substance use continues.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Psychoactive Substances
Depressants
Alcohol,
barbiturates
Stimulants
Cocaine,
amphetamines
Speed,
Narcotic
Heroin
ecstasy
analgesics
Hallucinogens
LSD,
marijuana
Trips
and flashbacks
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Biological
Releases
effects
serotonin and prevents reuptake
Damages serotonin receptors
Psychological
Increased
effects
awareness and pleasure
May cause depression
60%
Depressants: Alcohol
of American adults drink alcohol
8%
have alcohol abuse or dependence
Biological
effects
Depressant
Disinhibition
Hangover
Psychological
Inhibitory
effects
conflict
Alcohol myopia
Sexual aggression
Blackouts
Disinhibition is best described as:
A) the inability to prevent a response
B) the increased ability to exhibit a response
C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate
response
D) exhibiting a response incongruent with
what is expected
E) the ability to prevent a response from
occurring
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Disinhibition is best described as:
A) the inability to prevent a response
B) the increased ability to exhibit a response
C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate
response
D) exhibiting a response incongruent with
what is expected
E) the ability to prevent a response from
occurring
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Stimulants: Cocaine-analgesic
Crack
Euphoria -> Crash
Decreases other pleasures
Other
stimulants
Amphetamines
MDMA
Caffeine
Nicotine
High doses of what drug may
cause the sufferer to exhibit
symptoms similar to that of a
paranoid schizophrenic?
A)
alcohol
B) valium
C) "downers"
D) amphetamines
E) narcotics
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“
High doses of what drug may
cause the sufferer to exhibit
symptoms similar to that of a
paranoid schizophrenic?
A)
alcohol
B) valium
C) "downers"
D) amphetamines
E) narcotics
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Narcotic Analgesics: Heroin
Biological
CNS
effects
depressant
Psychological
effects
Strongly addictive
Pain relief
Relaxation and euphoria
Severe withdrawal
Other opiates
Morphine,
symptoms
codeine, Vicodin, Oxycodone
Hallucinogens: Marijuana
Most commonly used
Biological effects
hallucinogen in U.S.
Cannabinoid receptors
Appetite, memory, pain
Psychological
effects
Dependent on mood
Euphoria, drowsiness,
Medical
marijuana
Glaucoma
Chemotherapy
anxiety, panic
All
of the following illustrate the major criteria
for substance abuse EXCEPT:
A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to
show up to your child's birthday as a result.
B) Drinking at social events even though you
normally do not drink.
C) Spending the night in jail for public
intoxication.
D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day
doing drugs.
E) All of the above
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
All
of the following illustrate the major criteria
for substance abuse EXCEPT:
A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to
show up to your child's birthday as a result.
B) Drinking at social events even though you
normally do not drink.
C) Spending the night in jail for public
intoxication.
D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day
doing drugs.
E) All of the above
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Marijuana happens to classified
as a(n) ________.
A)
narcotic
B) analgesic
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant
E) depressant
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“
Marijuana happens to classified
as a(n) ________.
A)
narcotic
B) analgesic
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant
E) depressant
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“