Transcript CP Psych Ch 7

CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Section 7Q1
Sleeping and Dreaming
Mr. Freccia, NHS
Glencoe Publishers
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Meanings of Consciousness (Three views)
…as a Sensory Awareness
• sensory awareness of our environment
…as a Direct Inner Awareness
• mental pictures and “feelings” (like love, anger, etc.)
…as a Sense of Self
• different viewpoints for different people
1. Conscious Level
• Perceptions and Thoughts
2. Preconscious Level
Levels of
(Waking)
Consciousness
• Memories and Stored Knowledge
3. Unconscious (or Subconscious) Level
• Selfish needs, Immoral urges, Fears, Violent motives,
Irrational wishes, Shameful experiences, unacceptable
desires
4. Nonconscious Level
• Biological functions (heart rate, growth, breathing)
1. Sleep and Dreams
2. Meditation
3. Biofeedback
4. Hypnosis
5. Drugs
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
Levels of
(Altered)
Consciousness
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
 Measuring
sleep
activity
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• There are 4 stages of quiet sleep and 1 stage of
active sleep
• Approx. 75% of sleep time is spent in stages 1
thru 4
• Approximately 25% of sleep time is spent
dreaming
• Electroencephalograph (EEG) and other devices are
used to measure sleep activity
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Stage
1
• Pulse slows
• Breathing uneven
• Muscles relax
• Twitching
• Eyes roll / visual images
• Sensation of “drifting”
• Lasts about 10 minutes
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Stage 2:
• Slower brain waves
• Eyes move slowly from
side-to-side
• Lasts about 30 minutes
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Stage 3:
• Deeper sleep
• Large delta brain waves
every few seconds
• Varies in length
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Stage 4:
• State of oblivion
• Delta brain waves 50%
of the time
• Varies in length
• Sleepwalking
• Bed wetting
• Talking out loud
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
REM Sleep
(Rapid Eye Movement):
(dreaming) cycles in and
out after stage 4
• Irregular
breathing/pulse
• Adrenal and sex
hormones increase
• “Awake” brain waves
occur every 90 for 10
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM SLEEP
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
Increasing
REM
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, Nightmares/Night
Terrors, Sleep Walking, and Sleep Apnea
• People need less sleep as they get older
• Babies need 16-18 hours of sleep daily
• Teens 10-11 hours, adults 8 hours,
• Seniors citizens need 5-6
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
 Effects of Sleep Loss
 fatigue
 impaired concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater vulnerability to
accidents
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Dreams get longer throughout the night with the
last one the most likely to be remembered
• Dreams have a purpose according to many psychologists
but they disagree on what it is
• Sigmund Freud: First to thoroughly study dreams
believing they fulfilled hidden wishes
• Manifest Content of dreams comes from the re-living of
the day’s events in your dreams
• Latent Content of dreams comes from repressed
unconscious desires, often of a sexual nature
CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Section 7Q2
Hypnosis …Hallucinations …Meditation
Mr. Freccia, NHS
Glencoe Publishers
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
• Hypnosis: Characterized by a narrow focus of
attention and heightened suggestibility
• Hypnotic trance is not sleep, but rather a loss of
interest in external distractions
• Subject must be willing to cooperate, and will only
do things they normally would do
• Dissociation Theory Vs. Hidden Observer Theory
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis
• State of subconscious control through focusing
• Certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or
memories are separated “out” by your mind
• Can also be reached thru traumatic accidents/events
• Examples:
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
• Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
Hidden Observer Theory of Hypnosis
• When under hypnotic control, awareness of the
world around you isn’t “off” – just merely separate
• Person may be “aware” of actions but not have any
idea why the action is taking place or how
• How those actions take place is through the
“hidden observer”, who is like an autopilot for your
mind
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
• Posthypnotic Suggestion:
Hypnotist gets subjects to do
things after trance has ended …
normally for treatment of a
psychological condition
• Smoking cessation, anxiety
relief, weight loss etc.
 Non-hypnotized persons
can also do this
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
:Perceptions that have no direct
external cause and are not input from the senses
• Causes include hypnosis, meditation, some drugs,
addiction withdrawal, psychosis
• Detect increase Dopamine levels in the brain
• Hallucinations are very similar from one person to
the next due to brain’s reaction
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
• Sensory Deprivation: Severely
limiting sensory inputs to a person’s
brain
• People quickly become irritable,
restless, upset and some begin to
hallucinate
• Biofeedback: Learning to
voluntarily control autonomic
nervous system processes with the
help of feedback
• Scientists used to believe heart rate,
blood pressure, sweating etc. were
involuntary
Altered States of Consciousness (7Q2)
• Meditation: Focusing attention
with the goal of clearing the mind to
gain “inner peace” (self-hypnosis)
• Mantra: Special word that is
repeated over and over causing deep
relaxation response
• The Four Elements of Meditation;
Quiet, Comfortable, a “Mental
Device” (Mantra), & Passive Attitude
CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Section 7Q3
Psychoactive Drugs
Mr. Freccia, NHS
Glencoe Publishers
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Psychoactive Drugs: Interact with the Central
Nervous System to alter mood, perception, and
behavior
• Ranges from caffeine to marijuana, alcohol,
amphetamines, LSD, Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Depressants: Induce sleep, relaxation, impaired
judgment/coordination, anxiety relief
• Types include Barbiturates, Quaaludes,
Valium/Librium, Alcohol
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Opiates: Induce sedation, pain relief, apathy,
impaired intellect/coordination, nausea
• Types include narcotics such as opium, heroin,
morphine, codeine, Demerol
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Stimulants: Induce alertness, elevated mood,
wakefulness, appetite loss, high heart rate
• Types include amphetamines, Dexedrine,
Ritalin, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Psychedelics: Induce distorted thoughts and
perceptions, hallucinations anxiety, mood swings,
violent behavior
• Types include LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Psilocybin,
Marijuana, Hashish
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Antidepressants: Induce relief of depression,
mood elevation, stimulation
• Types include Lithium, Dibenzapines, MAO
inhibitors
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• Inhalants: Cause Euphoria, Shortness of
Breath, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness, fainting
•Types include: Hydrocarbons, nitrous oxide,
chlorohydrocarbons
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
• All Psychoactive Drugs have Long-Term negative effects
Ex: addiction, withdrawal, paranoia, brain damage, DEATH!
• The Short Term effects of psychoactive drugs last from
1-12 hours depending on the drug used
•Alcohol: Most used/abused mind altering substance in U.S.
Trends in
Drug Use
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
 Tolerance
Big
effect
Drug
effect
 diminishing effect
with regular use
Response to
first exposure
 Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Large
Small
Drug dose
 discomfort and
distress that follow
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
Drug
Tolerance Potential
Addiction Potential
(Leads to higher dosage)
Psychological
Depressants
Opiates
Stimulants
Psychedelics
Antidepressants
Inhalants
Physical
Yes
High
Yes
Yes
High
Yes
Yes
High
Yes
Yes
Low
No
No
Low
No
“Unknown”
Moderate
“Unknown”
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
Psychoactive Drugs 7Q3
 Near-Death Experience
 an altered state of
consciousness reported
after a close brush with
death
 often similar to druginduced (LSD)
hallucinations