Transcript Chapter 7 - IWS2.collin.edu

Chapter 7
States of
Consciousness
Waking Consciousness
 Consciousness
 our awareness of ourselves and our
environments
 Daydreams / Fantasies
 Young adults more than older adults
 Prepare/rehearse for activity
 Enhance creativity
 Children & imaginative play
Sleep IQ Test:
True or False?
1.
2.
During sleep, your brain rests.
You cannot learn to function normally with 1 or 2 fewer hours of
sleep than you need.
3. Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep.
4. Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need
for sleep.
5. Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake
you up.
6. Everyone dreams nightly.
7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need.
8. Most people don’t know when they are sleepy.
9. Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while
driving.
10. Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems.
11. The human body never adjusts to night shift work.
12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment.
Sleep and Dreams
Circadian Rhythm
 24 biological clock
 Body temp rises toward morning,
peaks during day, dips early
afternoon, drops in evening
 Bright light prompts awakening
 Light activates substances in retina,
causes area in hypothalamus to
decrease melatonin
Sleep Stages
 Stage 1 – 5 minutes
 Slowed breathing
 Floating / falling sensation
 Stage 2 – 20 minutes
 Sleep spindles – bursts of activity
 Stage 3 – transition phase
 Slow, large Delta waves
 Lasts few minutes
Sleep Stages
 Stage 4
 Slow Delta Waves
 30 minutes
 Return to Stage 3
 Return to Stage 2
Sleep Stages
 Stage 5
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REM Sleep
10 minutes
Brain waves – rapid & jagged
Heart rate rises
Breathing – rapid & irregular
Eyes dart around – beginning of dream
Sex organs aroused
Motor cortex is active but brainstem blocks messages
“Paradoxical” Sleep
Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep Loss
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


fatigue
impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia
 persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
 Narcolepsy
 uncontrollable sleep attacks
 Sleep Apnea
 temporary cessation of breathing
 momentary reawakenings
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
 Night Terrors
 occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
usually during Stage 4
 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
Meaning of
Dreams?
 Sigmund Freud
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
 Manifest Content
 remembered story line
 Latent Content
 underlying meaning
 As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
 Physiological Function
 Dreams provide brain with stimulation
 Activation/Synthesis theory – random activity
Hypnosis
 Hypnosis
 a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors
will spontaneously occur
 Posthypnotic Amnesia
 supposed inability to recall what one experienced
during hypnosis
 induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
 1700’s – Anton Mesmer
 Austrian physician
 Trancelike states (mesmerized) to heal them
 Bad reputation
Attitudes Toward Hypnosis
Respond using this scale: 1=not at all; 7=very true
 I find the whole idea of being hypnotized an attractive
prospect.
 I would like to become deeply hypnotized.
 I would not mind being known as someone who can
be deeply hypnotized.
 I am totally open to being hypnotized.
 One’s ability to be hypnotized is a sign of creativity
and inner strength.
 I wonder about the mental stability of those who
become deeply hypnotized.
 Those who are easily hypnotized are weak people.
Attitudes Toward Hypnosis
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Those who can become deeply hypnotized are as normal and
well-adjusted as anyone.
Intelligent people are the least likely to get hypnotized.
I have some apprehensions about hypnosis and being hypnotized.
If someone attempted to hypnotize me, I would tend to hold
myself back rather than let myself get carried away by the
process.
I’m not afraid of being hypnotized.
I am wary about becoming hypnotized because it means giving up
my free will to the hypnotist.
A deeply hypnotized person is robotlike and goes along
automatically with whatever the hypnotist suggests.
Reverse Questions 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 (1=7, 2=6, 3=5, 4=4, 5=3,
6=2, 7=1). Add up numbers. Higher scores reflect a more
positive attitude toward hypnosis.
Hypnosis
 Power of hypnosis resides in subject’s openness
to suggestion
 Hypnotist engages people’s ability to focus on
certain things
 If you respond to suggestion without hypnosis,
then you will likely respond to hypnosis.
 Typically absorbed in imaginative activities
 Rich fantasy lives
 Become easily absorbed in novel
Hypnosis-Pain Theories
 Dissociation
 a split in consciousness between physical pain &
emotion sense of pain
 allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
simultaneously with others
 Selective Attention
 Hypnosis does not block sensory input but may
block our attention to this input
 Focus on other things
 PET scans
Drugs and
Consciousness
 Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and mood
 Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug
 marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
 Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a drug
 for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and
Addiction
 Tolerance
 diminishing effect with regular use
 Withdrawal
 discomfort and distress that follow
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
 Depressants
 drugs that reduce neural activity
 slow body functions
 alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
 Stimulants
 drugs that excite neural activity
 speed up body functions
 caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
 Hallucinogens
 psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
 LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
 Barbiturates
 drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
 Opiates
 opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
 opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
 Amphetamines
 drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
 Ecstasy (MDMA)
 synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
 both short-term and long-term health risks
 LSD
 lysergic acid diethylamide
 a powerful hallucinogenic drug
 also known as acid
 THC
 the major active ingredient in marijuana
 triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
 Near-Death Experience
 an altered state of consciousness reported
after a close brush with death
 often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
 Dualism
 the presumption that mind and body are two
distinct entities that interact
 Monism
 the presumption that mind and body are
different aspects of the same thing