Transcript 6) Would never make a high risk investment.

Personality Assessment
• DAPT
Barnum Effect
• People’s willingness to interpret vague,
general statements as personally
meaningful interpretations of their
personality
Why do we test?
• Tell us “how much” of a trait you have.
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Why do we test?
1) Clinical
2) Employment
3) Curiosity
How do we test?
• 1) Create a test
• 2) Validate the test
• 3) Use the test
Methods for creating a test
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
Rational Method
• Questionnaire
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Disagree strongly
Disagree
a little
Neither agree nor
disagree
Agree
a little
Agree
Strongly
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1) Enjoy being reckless.
2) Take risks.
3) Avoid dangerous situations.
4) Seek danger.
5) Know how to get around the rules.
6) Would never make a high risk investment.
7) Am willing to try anything once.
8) Seek adventure.
9) Would never go hang-gliding or bungee-jumping.
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Disagree strongly
Disagree
a little
Neither agree nor
disagree
Agree
a little
Agree
Strongly
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1) Enjoy being reckless.
2) Take risks.
3) Avoid dangerous situations.
4) Seek danger.
5) Know how to get around the rules.
6) Would never make a high risk investment.
7) Am willing to try anything once.
8) Seek adventure.
9) Would never go hang-gliding or bungee-jumping.
Rational Method
• Straight forward and obvious items
• Most common method of test construction
• For this to work:
• 1) Items must mean the same thing to subjects as it
does to the test creator
• 2) Person must be able to self-assess
• 3) Person must be willing to self-assess
• 4) Items must be valid indicators of characteristic
Projective Tests
Inkblots as projective stimuli
• The Rorschach:
– Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922).
– 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on separate
cards:
• 5 black and white.
• 2 black, white, and red.
• 3 multicolor.
Inkblots: Initial administration
• “What might this be?”
• Record response verbatim:
– Include time until first response.
– Position of card, spontaneous statements,
nonverbal gestures or body movements.
Inkblots
Interpretation of scores
• Generate hypotheses based on
patterns of response, recurrent
themes and interrelationships among
scoring categories
Assumptions of Projective Tests
• Assumptions:
– The more unstructured
the stimuli, the more
examinees reveal about
their personality.
– Every response provides
meaning for personality
analysis.
– There is an
“unconscious.”
– Subjects are unaware of
what they disclose.
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
• Morgan and Murray (1935).
• Elicit fantasy material from patients in
psychoanalysis.
• 31 cards:
– 30 black & white with scenes:
• Describe story.
– 1 blank:
• Imagine picture on card and tell related story.
TAT: Conclusions
• Based on:
– Stories told by examinee.
– Clinician’s notes:
• Examinee’s response to the cards.
• Analysis of story requires special
training.
TAT Interpretation (cont.)
• Basic assumption:
– Examinee is identifying with protagonist in
the story.
– Examinee’s concerns, hopes, fears, and
desires are reflected in the protagonist’s
needs, demands, and conflicts.
– That is, the examinee’s personality is
projected onto the protagonist.
Projective Tests for Children
• “The Adventures of Blacky the Dog”
Blacky Test
Other Projective Tests
• Draw a person test
• Draw a house test
• Word association
Factor Analytic Method
• 1) Name different makes of cars
• 2) In groups:
– Imagine you work in a car lot and you must
organize these cars in some manner into 4
different groups
• 3) Organize the cars and name the
groupings
Factor Analytic Method
• Done in 5 steps
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1) Create many items
2) Give these items to many people
3) Correlate items together
4) Look for “groupings” of items
5) Name the “groupings” (i.e. factors)
Factor Analytic Method
• Limitations:
• Only as good as the items
• Sometimes get “odd” factors
• Still must name the factor (not done by the
computer)
Factor Analytic Method
1) Automatically take charge.
2) Joke around a lot.
3) Turn plans into actions.
4) Stick up for myself.
5) Act wild and crazy.
6) Am always busy.
7) Follow a schedule.
8) Laugh my way through life.
9) Let myself go.
10) Express childlike joy.
11) Do a lot in my spare time.
12) Disclose my intimate thoughts.
13) Know what I want.
14) Like harmony in my life.
16) Try to lead others.
17) Am open about myself to others.
18) Can easily push myself forward.
19) Am deeply moved by others'
misfortunes.
Factor Analytic Method
Factor 1
Automatically take charge.
Can easily push myself forward.
Try to lead others.
Turn plans into actions.
Stick up for myself.
Am always busy.
Do a lot in my spare time.
Know what I want.
Factor 2
Act wild and crazy.
Let myself go.
Disclose my intimate thoughts.
Laugh my way through life.
Express childlike joy.
Joke around a lot.
Am open about myself to others.
Factor 3
Follow a schedule.
Like harmony in my life
Am deeply moved by others'
misfortunes.
Empirical Method
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I prefer a shower to a bath
I sometimes tease animals
I will sometimes wear a dress
I like watching football
I am happy
I typically open doors for others
As a child I liked playing with dolls
Empirical Method
• Done in 3 Steps:
• 1) Create items
– Items can be anything!
Empirical Method
• 2) Administer the items to two groups
– Criterion Group
• Composed of people that possess the trait
– Control Group
• Composed of people that do not possess the trait
Empirical Method
• 3) Select items that the two groups
answered differently
Empirical Method
• Basic Logic:
• Different kinds of people have distinctive
ways of answering certain questions.
• If you answer questions the same way that
members of a diagnostic group did, you
might belong to that group too!
Empirical Method
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Thus, the content of empirical items does not matter
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“I sometimes tease animals”
– Not depressed
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“I have a great fear of snakes”
– Prejudiced
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“I do not enjoy detective stories”
– Hospitalized hysterics
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“I like tall women”
– Impulsive males
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“I gossip a little at times”
– High IQ
Empirical Method
• Difficult to “fake”
• Only as good as the groups they were
created with
– Do other things make the groups different?
• May not generalize to other people in
other areas
Combination of Methods
• Commonly used
• Combine together
• 1) Rational method (come up with items that make
sense)
• 2) Factor Analytic (select items that group)
• 3) Empirical Method (determine if items can predict types
of people)
Methods for creating a test
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
Basic Steps
• 1) Create a test
• 2) Validate the test
• 3) Use the test
Statistics
Correlation
Smile
Talk
Jerry
10
5
Elan
6
1
George
8
3
Newman
9
4
Kramer
7
2
Positive Correlation
Smile
Talk
Jerry
10
5
Elan
6
1
George
8
3
Newman
9
4
Kramer
7
2
Positive Correlation
12
10
Smile
8
6
4
2
0
1
2
3
Talk
4
5
Positive Correlation
12
10
Smile
8
6
r = 1.00
4
2
0
1
2
3
Talk
4
5
Positive Correlation
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12
10
Smile
8
.
6
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r = .64
4
2
0
1
2
3
Talk
4
5
Frown
Talk
Jerry
10
2
Elan
6
6
George
8
4
Newman
9
3
Kramer
7
5
Negative Correlation
Frown
Talk
Jerry
10
2
Elan
6
6
George
8
4
Newman
9
3
Kramer
7
5
Negative Correlation
12
10
Frown
8
6
r = - 1.00
4
2
0
2
3
4
Talk
5
6
Negative Correlation
12
10
.
Frown
8
6
.
4
r = - .85
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2
.
0
1
2
3
Talk
4
5
Gas in car
Talk
Jerry
10
8
Elan
6
9
George
8
3
Newman
9
4
Kramer
7
3
Zero Correlation
Gas in car
Talk
Jerry
10
8
Elan
6
9
George
8
3
Newman
9
4
Kramer
7
3
Zero Correlation
12
Gas in car
10
8
.
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.
. r = .00
6
4
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2
0
3
4
5
6
Talk
7
8
9
Correlation Coefficient
• The sign of a correlation (+ or -) only tells
you the direction of the relationship
• The value of the correlation only tells you
about the size of the relationship (i.e., how
close the scores are to the regression line)
EXCEL
• Which is a bigger effect?
r = .40 or r = -.40
How are they different?
Practice
• Do you think the following variables are
positively, negatively or uncorrelated to
each other?
• Alcohol consumption & Driving skills
• Miles of running a day & speed in a foot
race
• Height & GPA
• Forearm length & foot length
STOP
Interpreting a Correlation
• What does it actually mean in “people
words”?
• Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD)
BESD
• 200 subjects (all sick)
• Drug given to 100 of them
• At the end:
• 100 live and 100 die
• If the effect of the drug was .00 – what does that
mean?
When r = .00
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
50
50
100
No Drug
50
50
100
Total
100
100
200
BESD
• 200 subjects (all sick)
• Drug given to 100 of them
• At the end:
• 100 live and 100 die
• What if the drugs effect was .40 – what does that
look like?
When r = .40
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
70
30
100
No Drug
30
70
100
Total
100
100
200
Thus, if you take the drug you
have a 70% chance of living
compared to only 30% if you
do not take the drug!
When r = .40
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
70
30
100
No Drug
30
70
100
Total
100
100
200
BESD
• How to compute:
• 200 subjects (all sick)
• Drug given to 100 of them
• At the end:
• 100 live and 100 die
• Drugs effect was .30
BESD
Alive
Dead
When r = .30
Total
Drug
100
No Drug
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Compute cell values if r = .00
BESD
Alive
Dead
When r = .30
Total
Drug
100
No Drug
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Compute cell values if r = .00
When r = .30
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
50
50
100
No Drug
50
50
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Drop the decimal (30)
2) Divide by 2 (30 / 2 = 15)
When r = .30
BESD
3) Add to number in upper left
cell (50 + 15 = 65)
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
50
50
100
No Drug
50
50
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Plug in value
2) Compute other cell values
When r = .30
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
65
50
100
No Drug
50
50
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Plug in value
2) Compute other cell values
When r = .30
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
65
35
100
No Drug
50
50
100
Total
100
100
200
1) Plug in value
2) Compute other cell values
When r = .30
BESD
Alive
Dead
Total
Drug
65
35
100
No Drug
35
65
100
Total
100
100
200
BESD Practice
• Create BESDs for the following
• r = .10
• r = .55
• r = .80