Transcript Public Health - The Network Home for BSA Troop 229

Public Health
Its all about the diseases.
What is Public Health?
• The discipline concerned
with measures that affect
the health of communities:
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Public Health Officers
Preventative Medicine
Preventative Nursing
You and I doing our best to
control the spread of diseases.
How Diseases are Contracted
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Escherichia colt (E.coli) – Bacteria found in the human colon, caused
by contaminated food or water. It is commonly called “Traveler’s
Diarrhea”. Can be passed animal to person or person to person.
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Tetanus – Caused by a toxin produced in an infected wound. A break in
skin that gets contaminated by soil, animals, or debris.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – A late stage of
infection. Spread by blood or other body fluids, through a break in the
skin or mucous membranes.
Encephalitis – Inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. Caused by
mosquito or tick bites.
Salmonellosis –Undercooked or improperly prepared eggs. Inadequate
sanitation, and dirty hands.
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Lyme Disease – Tick bites a mouse or deer, then bites a human. Most
common in spring and summer.
Other Diseases
DISEASE
TYPE /
FORM
POSSIBLE VECTORS
PREVENTION
TREATMENTS
Gonorrhea
Bacteria
Sexually Transmitted
Abstinence
Antibiotics
West Nile Virus
Toxin
Mosquito Bites
Prevent mosquito bites
Treat symptoms
Botulism
Toxin
Food borne, Wounds
Cook food properly and
thoroughly
Antitoxin
Influenza
Virus
Airborne droplets
Vaccination, Good Health
habits
Rest and fluids
Syphilis
Bacteria
Sexually Transmitted
Abstinence
Antibiotics
Hepatitis
Viral
Body Fluids, Feces
Personal protection
Vaccine
Emphysema
Toxin
Smoking
STOP Smoking
Treat Symptoms
Meningitis
Viral, Bacterial
Respiratory and throat
secretions
Meningococcal Vaccine
Antibiotics, fluids,
rest
Herpes
Viral
Sexually Transmitted
Abstinence
Anti-viral Meds
Lead Poison
Environmental
Ingested, Inhaled
Monitor levels
Remove from items
Immunizations
• What is immunization?
Immunization is a process that helps your body fight off diseases
caused by certain viruses and bacteria. One way to be immunized is
to receive a vaccine. A vaccine is a liquid made from germs such as
viruses and bacteria, which is usually given by needle. Vaccines
contain germs that cannot cause the disease you are being
protected against.
HepB: hepatitis B, a serious liver disease
DTaP: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping
cough)
PCV: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine protects against a
serious blood, lung, and brain infection
Hib: Haemophilus influenzae type b, a serious brain, throat, and
blood infection
Polio: polio, a serious paralyzing disease
RV: rotavirus infection, a serious diarrheal disease
Influenza: a serious lung infection
MMR: measles, mumps, and rubella
HepA: hepatitis A, a serious liver disease
Immunizations for Babies
At birth HepB
2 months HepB + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Polio + RV
4 months HepB2 + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Polio + RV
6 months HepB + DTaP + PCV + Hib3 + Polio + RV4 + Influenza5
12 months MMR + DTaP + PCV + Hib + Chickenpox + HepA6 + Influenza5
6–18 mos1
12–15 mos1
15–18 mos1
Check with your doctor or nurse to make sure your baby is receiving all vaccinations on
schedule. Many times vaccines are combined to reduce the number of injections. Be
sure you ask for a record card with the dates of your baby’s vaccinations; bring this with
you to every visit.
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When Do Children and Teens Need
Vaccinations?
Everyone should be reimmunized
periodically for:
• Influenza: Yearly
Flu seasons are unpredictable. They can begin
early in the fall and last late into the spring. As
long as flu season isn’t over, it’s not too late to
get vaccinated, even during the winter. Getting
a flu vaccine is the best way to protect yourself
and your family. If you miss getting your flu
vaccine in 2010, make it a New Year’s
resolution—flu season doesn’t usually peak
until January or February. The flu vaccine offers
protection for you all season long.
Everyone should be reimmunized
periodically for:
• Pneumococcal: Every 5 years
Usually only one dose of PPSV is needed, but under some circumstances a
second dose may be given.• A second dose is recommended for people 65
years and older who got their first dose when they were younger than 65 and it
has been 5 or more years since the first dose.• A second dose is recommended
for people 2 through 64 years of age who: - have a damaged spleen or no
spleen - have sickle-cell disease - have HIV infection or AIDS - have cancer,
leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma - have nephrotic syndrome - have had
an organ or bone marrow transplant - are taking medication that lowers
immunity (such as chemotherapy or long-term steroids) When a second dose is
given, it should be given 5 years after the first dose.
No Treatment or Immunization?
• Viral meningitis: There is no specific treatment for viral
meningitis. Most patients completely recover on their own
within 2 weeks. Antibiotics do not help viral infections, so they
are not useful in the treatment of viral meningitis. Doctors often
will recommend bed rest, plenty of fluids, and medicine to
relieve fever and headache.
• Norovirus: There are no medications or vaccines
for noroviruses. Treatment includes drinking plenty
of fluids to avoid dehydration. Oral rehydration
therapy may be used in severe cases of dehydration.
Ask your doctor if he thinks it is necessary.
Water
Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and (invisible) water vapor in the air.
Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated
air.
Safe Drinking Water
• Clean drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms.
Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and
substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.
• There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP
per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025
more than half of the world population will be facing water-based
vulnerability.
• A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some
developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply
by 50%.
• Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions
as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates
industrial cooling and transportation.
• Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture.
How to make water safe to drink at
Camp!
How to Make a Camp Water Purifier
By Rich Thomas, eHow Contributor
Use this to make a water filter:
Carbon filters are one of the oldest means of purifying water. Their workings are
simple. Carbon is a material that likes to bond with much of what it comes into
contact with it, and charcoal is a rough, pitted substance lined with carbon. So,
anything pouring over charcoal is likely to leave most of its filth behind. This
guide will show you how to build a carbon filter using charcoal left over from a
campfire, and common parts.
Difficulty: Moderately Easy
Safe Water
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Things You'll Need:
Pocket knife
Plastic water jug
Ruler
Colander or wire sieve
Caulk
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1. Use a pocket knife to cut the bottom and the top off the water jug.
2. Measure sections on a colander or wire sieve that fit the top and bottom of the cut water jug.
These are the strainers.
3. Place a strainer over the original opening of the water jug and both fasten and seal it at the
same time with caulk.
4. Fill the jug with small pieces of charcoal. Use real wood charcoal, not cookout briquettes. Any
dead campfire should be full of wood charcoal.
5. Place the other strainer over the opening you cut into the bottom of the jug, and caulk that into
place, too.
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Using this filter and boiling your water will guarantee clean, safe drinking water from almost any
freshwater source.
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Read more: How to Make a Camp Water Purifier | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/how_4963375_make-camp-water-purifier.html#ixzz1D7p16M4J
Doing the Dishes!!
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Maintaining sanitary conditions while camping is just as important as keeping
up on sanitary practices as home. Any cross-contamination of harmful
bacteria could infect an entire camping party with food-borne illness
symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea. Preparations should be made in
advance of the types of equipment that will be needed to keep the camping
parties practicing good hygiene whenever possible.
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Items needed to wash and prepare food and clean dishes should be packed whenever camping.
Biodegradable soap or organic soap is preferred over standard dishwashing soap when camping to
reduce the pollution levels to soil and water.
Matches, lighters or other fire-making items should be packed to boil water for washing utensils and
dishes with.
Dishes should be rinsed using water that has been boiled, as well.
Paper towels can be utilized for drying dishes with and cleaning up other messes.
Garbage bags of various sizes can be used to pack out aluminum cans and other such nonburnable items.
Utensils and canteens should never be shared amongst camping members, so be sure to pack at
least one set for each person.
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What is a Vector?
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Vector –
How to control in your home –
How to control in your community –
Control in camp?
Which can people control?
Which takes a lot of time?
Which need both collectively??
Control those varmints!
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The best way to control rodents is to keep them out of the home in the
first place.
Since rodents like to hide in vegetation, your first line of defense is to trim the
vegetation close to your home.
Clean yards deny rodents the food and shelter they need for breeding, and
they restrict a young rodent's ability to move in.
Piles of grass clippings or tree trimmings make ideal rodent harborages, so
properly store and dispose of these materials.
Try to leave a couple of feet of clear space between your house and any
vegetation.
Rodents also like to hide under woodpiles or lumber; in abandoned cars,
appliances and furniture; and under trashcans.
So remove and properly dispose of all junk.
Store any lumber or wood on racks at least 6-inches off the ground, and
away from the house exterior.
Store your trash and garbage cans on racks too, or else on a concrete pad.
Food Service and You!
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Preparation –
Handling –
Storage –
How to keep food from contamination –
What conditions help organisms multiply
in food?
• How can you control the growth?
• How do you kill them?
Sewage treatment
generally involves three stages,
called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
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Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a
quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil,
grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating
materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or
subjected to secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter.
Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne
micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a
separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water
prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary
and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or
fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,...). Treated water is
sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons
and micro filtration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or
wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or
park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge
or agricultural purposes.
The Fundamental Five of Safe
Food Service
• These are the five fundamentals for safe,
sanitary food service.
• Although good sanitation includes other details,
if any one of these basic five points is missing,
the prevention of food contamination is
significantly jeopardized.
5, 4, 3, 2, 1,
• 1. Clean hands: Dirty hands spread germs. Hands and fingernails
should be washed thoroughly with soap and water before work, after
using toilet and every time they are soiled or become contaminated.
• 2. Clean service: Handling utensils the wrong way may spread
disease. Single service items should be handled carefully to keep
them sanitary. Other utensils should be washed clean, sanitized as
recommended by the health authority, then carefully stored and
handled.
• 3. Clean food: Food may be infected by coughs, sneezes, handling,
dirty equipment, vermin, animals, and wastes. It should be protected
during storage, preparation, and service.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• 4. Right temperature: Cold temperatures slow
or stop the growth of germs; heat kills them.
Cold foods should be kept cold; hot foods should
be kept hot. Prepared food should never be left
standing at room temperature except during
necessary periods of preparation and service.
• 5. Healthy personnel: Food service personnel
must be healthy to prevent colds and other
diseases from being passed to others. Germs
from infected cuts, pimples, or boils can
contaminate food.
Major Health Hazards
• Fall in four categories.
– Air Pollution
– Water Pollution
– Noise Pollution
– Food contamination
Other hazards include toxic wastes, nuclear
radiation, and work-place dangers.
Air Pollution
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Inversions - An inversion is a freak weather condition in which a mass of warm air rests like a lid
on top of cooler air. The warm air traps the lower air and prevents the pollutants in it from being
ventilated. The results can be deadly.
Sulfur Dioxide - Sulfur dioxide enters the air from many sources. In the main, however, it is
spewed into the atmosphere when heavy fuel oil and coal are burned to provide heat, generate
electricity, and provide industrial power. Large cities are especially vulnerable because of their
concentrations of heavy industry.
Lead - Substantial evidence indicates that lead in the air can cause neurological harm and impair
body chemistry and bone growth. Most airborne lead comes from combustion of solid waste, coal,
and oils; emissions from iron and steel production and lead smelters; and tobacco smoke.
Children are most immediately affected because they have fewer natural defenses against toxic
absorption than adults. But adults too may feel the effects of such absorption. They may, for
example, feel tired, cramped, or confused.
Household Chemicals - Depending on its location, structural characteristics, and other factors,
the typical home may have as many as 350 or more organic chemical pollutants in its interior air.
Household chemical products like spray paints, insecticides, and furniture polish disperse tiny
(and toxic) droplets into the air, adding the propellant to the chemicals in the basic product. Among
the hazard-producing chemicals, some solvents in particular are known or suspected carcinogens.
One of the worst is ethylene chloride, found in paint sprays and paint strippers and in some hair
sprays and insecticides. Product labels may identify ethylene chloride as a “chlorinated solution”
or as “aromatic hydrocarbons.”
Acid Rain, Carbon Monoxide, 2nd Hand Smoke, Radon, Auto Exhaust……….
Water Pollution
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To an increasing extent, water pollution has prevented or limited use of
many once-valuable sources of water. This progressive deterioration of the
nation's water supply has resulted from years of abuse in which natural
lakes and waterways were inundated with quantities of raw sewage, waste
products of industrial plants and slaughterhouses, petroleum residues,
poisonous herbicides and insecticides, and so on. But the pollutants
generally fall into two categories: materials that change with time and
contact with water, and materials that remain unchanged in form. Organic
materials in sewage and such industrial wastes as pulp and paper effluents
belong in the first group; inorganic salts like sodium sulfate and such inert
inorganic materials as pesticides represent the second.
Communities generate thousands of tons of municipal sewage daily.
Industries, the greatest users of water, utilize more than half of all the water
consumed in the United States for raw material, heating and cooling
processes, and transporting, sorting, and washing operations. Agriculture,
the second largest user, requires millions of gallons of water for irrigation
and drainage; for spraying orchards and crops, often with insecticides,
fungicides, or herbicides; for removal of animal and other organic wastes;
and for manufacturing operations such as meat packing and canning.
Noise Pollution
• “Pollution” refers generally to the
various forms of physical pollution
by liquids, gases, or solids. Few
persons realize that we are all
threatened by a pollutant so
common that it tends to be
overlooked: noise.
• Noise assails us nearly
everywhere. It fills homes with
loud music or the dog's barking or
the grinding of the washing
machine and the workplace with
the chatter of drill presses and the
roar of huge engines. Neither city
dwellers nor country people can
live noise-free today; none of us
can escape car and truck horns,
motorcycles that belch sound, and
the noisy throb of machinery.
Tobacco Use
• The World Health Organization has
estimated that by the year 2025, 500
million people worldwide will die of a
tobacco-related disease. Smoking related
deaths are almost 3 times the yearly
deaths due to illegal drugs, homicide,
alcohol, AIDS, suicide, and motor vehicle
accidents combined .
Alcohol Use
• Alcohol is the most widely used drug by
adolescents. Problems related to
adolescents alcohol use include motor
vehicle accidents secondary to driving
under the influence and suicides and
homicides that involve alcohol use. In
addition, there is an increase of
unprotected intercourse in those under the
influence of alcohol and other drugs.
Drug Abuse
• MARIJUANA - Marijuana remains the most widely abused illicit
drug in the United States and around the world. There remains
significant controversy over the effects of the drug on physical and
mental health. However, marijuana is no longer considered a benign
drug. It has been shown to have negative effects on both physical
and psychological health and is associated with the possible
development of tolerance, dependence and a withdrawal syndrome.
• HALLUCINOGENS - The hallucinogen (“producer of
hallucinations”) class of drugs includes LSD, peyote, mescaline,
psilocybin, certain mushrooms, DMT (dimethyltryptamine), morningglory seeds, STP (serenity-tranquility-peace pill), jimsonweed, and
PCP (phencyclidine). The term hallucinogen is a misnomer since
“prototypical hallucinogens” like LSD and mescaline at usual doses
levels do not cause hallucinations (sensory perception changes
without a corresponding environmental stimulus) but produce
illusions (perceptural distortion of a real environmental stimulus) or
distortions of perceived reality. True hallucinations do occur with the
use of volatile solvents (e.g., gasoline). With the exception of the
hallucinogenic amphetamines, physical withdrawal does not occur.
Public Health Agencies
• What agencies are in our area?
• How does this agency address the
concerns of the items we discussed
earlier?
• What service do they provide to families?
Causes of Mortality
• What are the four leading causes of mortality in
your community in the last five years?
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• How does the agency help to reduce these
causes? Is it enough to reduce illness or death?
Diseases
• What is the role of
this agency with any
outbreak of diseases.
• What can you do as
an individual to
reduce the outbreak
of disease?
Public Assistance
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Floods –
Storms –
Tornados –
Earthquakes –
Other acts of destruction –
• What clean up is needed after a disaster
occurs?
Public Health Professionals
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Who –
Education –
Training –
Experience –