Transcript Integrated Parasite Management - NYS 4

Integrated Parasite Management
for Small Ruminants
Slides contributed by Marguerite Frongillo, Steve Hart, Susan
Schoenian, Mary Smith DVM and tatiana Stanton
Know your weapons
Effective management
Effective drug use
Effective surveillance
Integrated Parasite
Management (IPM)
Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is
normal for sheep and goats to have parasites. Goal
is to prevent clinical disease and production losses.
Parasite control begins with good
management and common sense
Good sanitation
Feeders which prevent
wastage and
contamination.
Clean water, free from
fecal matter.
Not overstocking
pens and pastures.
Isolation and
deworming of new
animals in an area
where you can retrieve
their manure easily.
Pasture Management to reduce
barber pole worm problems
Use clean or safe pastures – easy
to say, difficult to implement for
entire grazing cycle
Use multispecies grazing
Use alternative forages
Make wise management decisions
about pasture height, pasture rest,
and pasture rotation
Use “clean or safe” pastures
What is a truly safe pasture?
New pasture
Pasture that has been renovated
with tillage
A pasture that has not been
grazed by sheep or goats for the
past 6 to 12 months – however,
worm population does start to
drop sharply after 2 months.
Pasture grazed solely by horses
and/or cattle for the past 6 to 12
months.
Pasture in which a hay, baleage
or silage crop has been
removed.
Pasture that has been rotated
with row crops.
Burnt pasture
Dilute worm population by
grazing multiple species
Sheep and goats share
the same internal
parasites, but they are
different from the
parasites that generally
affect cattle and
horses.
Cattle and horses
“vacuum” sheep/goat
pastures.
Other benefits 
complimentary grazing
habits.
Is this multispecies grazing?
Is it going to be helpful?
Alternative forages
Livestock that browse
have fewer parasite
problems (excepting
deer worm).
Livestock grazing
tall-growing forages
will have less
parasite problems.
80% of parasites live
in the first 2 inches of
the vegetation.
Grazing high-tannin
forages may reduce
the effects of
parasitism.
Forage
Chicory
Birdsfoot
Trefoil
Sericea
Lespedeza
Pure stands of chicory,
birdsfoot trefoil, and
Sericea lespedeza have
been shown to reduce
fecal egg counts and/or
larval development.
Hayfield Regrowth is a safe pasture
alternative in late summer and fall
Pasture Height –
80% of the internal
parasites found in bottom 2 inches of vegetation
Not a big concern during first pass
through your rotational pastures after
winter . Big concern in later passes.
In a grazing system for small
ruminants we are:
Generally trying to move animals
before the pasture is below 3
inches and get back in before
pasture gets too mature
Too high and mature  high lignin  less nutritious and
palatable for small ruminants  trampling losses , etcetera
Problems with intensive rotational grazing
and small ruminant parasites In a rotational grazing system
with the primary purpose of
controlling worm populations,
sheep/goats should not be
returned to the same pasture
for at least 45 to 60 days
This conflicts with the use of
intensive rotational grazing to
increase the nutritional offtake from a pasture
Due to increased stocking
rates and rapid grazing
intervals, management
intensive grazing may
increase internal parasite
problems in sheep and goats
as the grazing season
progresses.
In summary
If animals are left in a grazing
paddock for longer than 5 to 10
days, depending on weather, may
be exposed to infectious larvae
Pasture rest periods to control
internal parasites need to be
longer than normal
recommendations for either
pasture health or nutritional value
Things to consider when using
intensive rotational grazing
Are there safe pastures that animals can
be moved onto as grazing season
progresses?
Brush pastures
Hayfield regrowth
Pastures that your cattle or horses have
been grazing
Crop stubble or seeded annuals
Can you disrupt the worm cycle by
mowing the pasture extremely short,
grazing other species, or harvesting a
crop of hay or baleage before resuming
grazing?
Rotational grazing in the
spring appears to reduce
the “barnyard effect” and
delay the onset of summer
parasite problems
Barnyard Effect
Barnyards with grass or other good
forage
 Lead to high concentration of manure
and internal parasites in grazing
material
 Can contribute greatly to herd
contamination with internal parasites
 May have a “barnyard effect” in
pastures that border barn and are not
rotated
Manure pile right in yard – kids born late April – barn
situated in very large pasture but kids and does tend to
graze right by barn where manure concentration (and worm
contamination) is highest. By late July  kid loss to worms
and coccidia
Please note that we are talking about herds that are rotating in the spring and summer
and that by late July most of these also had high worm loads
Worm eggs per gram in kids in herds that rotate vs herds that do not State #1
25000
NoRotation
Rotating1
23750
Rotating2
eggs/gm
20000
15000
10000
5000
3575
0
NoRotation
Rotating1
Herds
2250
Rotating2
Goats free range on woodlands during the day and locked in
very large compound 5 pm to 8 am compound seeded to
pasture in 2004herdsman noticed in Spring 2005 that kids
did not go to woods with dams, instead stayed & grazed at
compound  kid loss by mid July to worms and coccidia.
Please note that we are talking about herds that are rotating in the spring and summer
and that by late July most of these also had high worm loads
Worm eggs per gram in kids in herds that rotate vs herds that do not State #2
20000
18000
18875
16000
eggs/gm
14000
12000
NoRotation
Rotating1
10000
Rotating2
8000
6000
4000
3700
2000
100
0
NoRotation
Rotating1
Herd
Rotating2
Central
graining and
watering areas
can also have a
barnyard effect
On these two farms,
shelter and grain
troughs move with
the herd from
pasture to pasture
eliminating
barnyard effect
Some options to help reduce
barnyard effect –
Can you implement any of them?
make barnyard small enough that very little
forage present
lay down gravel, concrete, or herbicides
close off access to barnyard during day and on
full moon nights
provide hay in barn at night when animals come
in from pasture to cut down on night grazing in
the barnyard
replace barnyards with narrow lanes from
pastures to barn
leave animals in rotated pastures 24 hours a day
with portable shelter, water and feeders
“Zero” grazing
Sheep/goats raised
in confinement or
dry lot (with no
grass) have fewer
stomach worm
problems.
Sheep/goats put in
confinement or dry
lot do not usually
get re-infected with
stomach worms.
Coccidiosis could be
more of a problem
in confinement.
One farm’s forage management
strategy to control worms
hay feeding 30 Boer X breeding does from mid Dec
through April. Herd kids in April and adult does wormed
May1st.
rotational grazing of
conventional pastures
(6 acres) from May
through July, goats stay
on each area ~1 wk
before rotating to next
pasture – returned to
each pasture in ~ 45
days. Horses follow 2
weeks after goats in
most fields. Individual
animals are wormed as
needed. Entire herd
wormed at end of July at
weaning.
Management Strategy
continued
month-long grazing of two brush pastures Aug
through Sept (3 acres). Individuals wormed as
needed. In 2006, entire herd fasted and
wormed with 2 wormers for deer worm in
October – wormers used are ones that
barberpole worm already shows resistance to
in herd
strip grazing of hay field regrowth from Oct
until mid Dec (7 acres), animals moved to new
strip every 5 to 9 days and never repeated on
same strip. Individuals wormed as needed.
Some years entire herd wormed Dec 15, some
years entire herd wormed March 15th, some
years neither worming necessary and only a
few individuals wormed
Nutritional Management
Animals on a high plane
of nutrition and in better
body condition are better
able to withstand worm
burdens.
Nutrition in early
pregnancy (fat stores)
can affect the immune
response to internal
parasites.
Sheep receiving higher
levels of protein prior to
lambing have lower fecal
egg counts.
Immune Response
Good nutrition stimulates immune
system
Can select goats and sheep for low
fecal egg counts
Other diseases which depress immune
system (e.g. coccidiosis, Johnes) can
cause increased worm problems
Immune Response
When goat/sheep are lactating, immune
system is suppressed and does not fight
parasites. Arrested larvae acquired
during the fall all mature simultaneously
in the spring during lactation. Rationale
for deworming before kidding.
Protein consumption at 130% of daily
requirements reduced flush of egg
laying at parturition in sheep
Genetic Management
Try to select for “resistant” animals
“Resistant” Breeds
Some sheep and goat breeds are more resistant to worms.
Sheep
Gulf Coast Native
Hair sheep
Barbados
Blackbelly
St. Croix
Katahdin
Dorper (?)
Royal White (?)
NOT
Traditional wooled
breeds
Goats
Possibly –
Spanish/Brush
Myotonic/Tennessee
Pygmy
Kiko (?)
NOT
Boer goats
Dairy goats
Angora goats
Savanna????
“Resistant” Individuals
Parasite resistance varies between individual animals of the
same breed type.
20-30 percent of flock shed
most of the parasite eggs.
Focusing deworming on
susceptible animals will
significantly reduce pasture
contamination.
BUT - Lactation and weaning
are examples of environmental
effects that render an animal
more worm-susceptible.
Culling worm-susceptible
animals that have no
environmental excuse for being
“wormy” should increase flock
resistance and reduce pasture
contamination.
Drugs
A valuable, limited resource that
must be managed properly.
Three drug families
1) Benzimidazoles
Chemical name ends in
'..dazole
Fenbendazole, Albendazole,
Oxybendazole
2) Nicotinics
Levamisole, Morantel,
Pyrantel
3) Macrolides
Avermectins
Ivermectin, Doramectin
Moxidectin
Benzimidazoles – “white drenches”
Fenbendazole –
SafeGuard® or
Panacur®
Albendazole –
Valbazen®
Oxyfendazole –
Synantic ®
Broad spectrum
Wide margin of
safety
Effective against
tapeworms
Valbazen
Effective against adult
liver flukes.
Should not be
administered to
pregnant animals.
Nicotinics
Levamisole - (clear
drench). Tramisol ®,
Levasole®, Prohibit®
Morantel– Rumatel®,
Positive Goat Pellet
Pyrantel - Strongid®
Rumatel
Oral feed additive
Only effective against
adult worms
Pyrantel
Only effective against
adult worms
Levamisole
Broad spectrum
Effective against
arrested larvae
Narrower margin of
safety, especially
injectable product
Macrolides
Ivermectin –Ivomec®,
Zimecterin ®,
Eprinex ®, Promectin®
Doramectin Dectomax ®
Moxidectin –
Cydectin ®, Quest ®
Broad spectrum
Wide margin of safety
Effective against (biting)
external parasites
Moxidectin
Newest drug
Has “Persistent activity”
Extra-label drug use
Only Fenbendazole (SafeGuard®)
and Morantel (Rumatel®) are FDAapproved for goats.
Only Albendazole (Valbazen ®),
Ivomec ® drench, and Levamisole
(drench and bolus) are FDAapproved for sheep.
Use of a product that is different
than its label constitutes extralabel drug use and requires a
veterinary prescription in context
of valid veterinarian-patientclient relationship.
Should use exaggerated
withdrawals when using drugs
extra label (keep records). Check
with
http://www.farad.org/
Non-chemical dewormers – not yet!
Botanical dewormers - herbs
Diatomaceous earth (DE)
No scientific studies have shown DE or other nonchemical treatments to reduce fecal egg counts
Many natural “dewormers” would have to be given at
toxic levels in order to be effective
Garlic juice has shown promise?
Other
Tannins, fungus
Copper boluses (goats)
vaccine
Epazote Study
1) Oil of Chenopodium
administered in gel
capsules at a rate of
0.15ml/kg body weight
is ineffective in reducing
the number or viability
of internal parasite eggs
in NY sheep and goats.
Higher dose  toxic to
host animal.
A commercial organic
worm discourager and a
soluble soap, Basic H,
were equally ineffective.
FAMACHA©
• Developed in South Africa in
response to the emergence
of severe anthelmintic
resistance
• A system to assess
Haemonchus contortis
(barber pole worm)
infection in sheep and goats
and the need for deworming
individual animals
• Named for its originator:
Dr. Francois “Faffa” MAlan CHArt
FAMACHA©
• Reduces the number of
treatments by determining
which animals to treat vs.
treating whole flock.
• Reduces rate at which worms
become resistant to drugs by
increasing “refugia” – worms
that are still susceptible to
drug treatment.
• Identifies animals that need
treatment most often and vice
versa; thus offering the
opportunity for genetic
selection for parasite resistance
assuming they have no
environmental “excuse’.
FAMACHA©
Treat adults at scores 4 and 5*
Treat lambs and kids at
categories 3, 4, and 5
*South Africa recommends
goats be treated at categories
3, 4, and 5
Clinical
Category
Eye Lid
Color
Packed
Cell
Volume
Treat?
1
Red
> 28
No
2
Red-Pink
23-27
No
3
Pink
18-22
?
4
Pink-White
13-17
Yes
5
White
< 12
Yes
Precautions when using
FAMACHA©
• Only useful where Haemonchus
contortis is the primary parasite
species.
• Cannot be used in a vacuum;
other factors need to be
considered when making
treatment decisions.
• There are other causes of pale
(e.g. liver fluke) or red (e.g.
fever) eye lids
• Should be incorporated into an
integrated parasite management
(IPM) program that includes
proper drug use, pasture rest
and rotation, fecal egg counting,
mixed species grazing, etc.)
Precautions when using
FAMACHA©
How often should you check?
Must know if anthelmintic is
effective.
FECRT
DrenchRite®
Always use card! Compare
eye color to chart. Replace
card after 12 months of use
Should only be used by
properly trained individuals;
improper use can lead to
death of animals.
Other parasites of interest
Lungworms
Indirect or direct life
cycle
Severe infestations
cause coughing, fluid
in lungs, pneumonia
Transmitted in feces
Take fecal sample
direct from animal
(otherwise can
confuse with soil
nematodes)
Same control
program as stomach
and intestinal
worms.
Pasture mite
Tapeworms
Life Cycle
Worms live in small intestines.
Eggs pass out through feces.
The egg is eaten by a pasture
mite.
The egg hatches.
The mite is eaten by the sheep
or goat.
Light loads of tapeworms
tend not to be a problem,
but severe infestations
can cause problems.
Coccidia
Eimera sp. (species-specific)
Single-cell protozoa
that damage lining of
small intestines.
Can cause bloody
diarrhea that may be
smeared with mucous
Damage can be
permanent!
Prevent with good
sanitation and proper
stocking
Coccidiosis
Suspect when animals get diarrhea after 3
weeks of age
“mucky butt” in lambs
many Eimeria species, host specific, variable
pathogenicity
immunity to each species of coccidia develops
with exposure
warmth and moisture permit sporulation
From Egg to infectious 1-2 days but easily survive
2-3 mo and can survive 1 year in optimum
conditions
Killed by direct sunlight and low humidity (<25%)
Life Cycle of Eimeria spp.
Severe coccidiosis in goats/sheep causes many
small white foci in the intestinal wall –
absorption impaired
Fecal exams for coccidia
may have 10,000 or
100,000 per gram
without disease
Egg count drops only for
a short time after
treatment then rebounds
none in older animal?
You didn’t look!
Coccidiosis
raise dairy kids away
from adults
If possible, separate
lambs and kids by age,
ideally only a 2 weeks
spread in age in a group
milk is protective,
weaning precipitates
diarrhea
coccidiostats in the milk
and starter feed –
decoquinate, monensin,
lasalocid
Can use coccidiostats as additives in
the feed, salt or water to help
prevent:
Especially in pregnant females starting 1
month before parturition until weaning
of their young. Continue in young
animals after weaning.
Lasalocid (Bovatec®)1,3
Monensin (Rumensin®)2,3
Dequinate (Deccox®)1,2
Amprolium (Corid®) in water
1 - FDA-approved for sheep
2 - FDA-approved for goats
3 - TOXIC to EQUINES!!!!!!
Sanitation – clean and dry
keep kids and lambs out of feeders !
Treatment of coccidiosis
oral sulfonamides –Sulmet, Albon, etc.
amprolium 25-50 mg/kg per day for 5
days = 1 ml Corid 9.6% per 8 pounds
can add to milk or directly drench
treatment temporarily decreases
shedding but does not eradicate
parasite – rebound in oocyst count
adequate selenium for immunity
Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Parasite of White Tail
Deer
Small ruminants are
an abnormal host
(sheep, goats, llama,
alpaca)
Parasite has indirect
life cycle – snails and
slugs needed for
infection
Larva travel from
intestinal tract to spinal
cord to brain, causing

Nerve damage (can
include lameness, gait
abnormality, itching)
 can be as extreme as
paralysis or even
DEATH
 Animals maintain appetite
Differential diagnoses
CAE, OPP
fracture, vertebral
body abscess
copper deficiency
tail docking infection
foot rot, white
muscle disease
listeriosis
Polioencephalomalacia
brain abscess
rabies
scrapie
Treatment of P. tenuis
in aberrant hosts
no controlled studies
escalation of drug dosages
ivermectin 0.2 to 1.0 mg/kg for 1-5 d
fenbendazole 10 to 50 mg/kg for 1-5 d
usually both simultaneously
anti-inflammatories important
corticosteroids if not pregnant: dexamethasone 0.1
mg/kg s.i.d. for 3-5 d
flunixin 1 mg/kg s.i.d. or b.i.d. for 3 d
Prevention of exposure
do not pasture at edge of
woods especially during
wet season
avoid low-lying poorly
drained fields except under
very dry conditions
fence off deer watering
spots
use fields deer prefer for
hay, not grazing
guardian dog may help
take advantage of hunting
season!
Prophylaxis in aberrant host
for camelids, probably not for sheep and
goats (Haemonchus resistance)
injectable ivermectin q 4-6 wk pour-ons?
(not sheep or goats)
newer avermectins with longer duration?
fenbendazole
daily pyrantel not effective
Liver flukes
Some farms in NE US have
acute or chronic liver fluke
populations
Requires open water, snails
(wet conditions)
Can kill adult liver flukes
with Albendazole
(Valbazen®) or Ivomec®
Plus)
Fasciola hepatica
common liver fluke
cycle includes fresh water snails
acute peritonitis (during migration)
Often causes chronic problems
afterwards
hypoproteinemia, anemia (blood leaks
into bile)
Clinical signs
Fascioloides magna
American deer fluke
natural parasite of deer and elk
sheep and goats abnormal hosts
larval stages continue to migrate
through liver - sheep and goats don’t
excrete eggs
ACUTE disease - usually fatal within 6
months
liver of goat killed by fluke
Treatment of liver flukes
fence off wet areas
albendazole – 15 to 20 mg/kg, adult flukes
clorsulon orally - adult Fasciola
3.5 mg/kg sheep, 7 mg/kg goats
clorsulon orally – 8 wk Fasciola
7 mg/kg sheep, 15 mg/kg goats
clorsulon for Fascioloides – 21 mg/kg
QUESTIONS?