Transcript Socialization and Change

Socialization and Change:
A Journey through
Crime, Drugs and Recovery
David A. Deitch, PhD
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry
University of California, San Diego
Addiction Training Center
Overview
• A picture of current problems
• A brief look at what’s coming
• How we develop crime & drug
taking
• Types of substance abusing
offenders
Economic Costs
•
Of the $620 billion total the states spent, $81.3 billion (13.1%)
- was used to deal with substance abuse and addiction
•
The states spend 113 times as much to clean up the
devastation substance abuse and addiction visit on children as
they do to prevent and treat it
•
Each American paid $277 per year in state taxes to deal with
the burden of substance abuse and addiction in their social
programs and only $10 a year for prevention and treatment
•
Of the $453.5 billion states spent in the 16 budget categories
of public programs, $81.3 billion—(17.9%) percent--was linked to
substance abuse and addiction
The National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2000
Type of Offense (June, 1997)
5.6
5.9
2.6
3.4
0.7
60.2
9.6
Drug Offenses
Extortion
Immigration
Robbery
Property Offenses
White Collars
Firearms, Explosives
Violent
The Number of Inmates Released
Federal and States Prisons
635,000
473,300
1995
2001
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001
Drug Arrests By Decade
(FBI Crime Reports)
70%
63.7%
54.2%
60%
50%
36.9%
40%
30%
20%
7.9%
10%
0.7%
0.3%
0%
1941-50
1951-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1990-1999
The Search For Causes
Natural Innate Drives
Inherited Parts of Physical and Psychological Well-being
Hunger
Thirst
Shelter
Sex
( Physical Survival )
Altered Consciousness
The Search For Causes
Disease Concept of Alcoholism
 Know Etiology
 Know Progression
 Know Outcome
Genetic Model
 Adoption and Twin Studies
 Receptor Genes
 Son of Alcoholics and Tolerance
 Twin Studies
Psychological Models
 Addictive Personality
 Psychological Vulnerability
 Self Medicating
 Personality Issues (anti-social, C.D., etc..)
 Self Esteem
 Risk Taking
Psychoanalytic Models
 Oral
 Oral Longing
 Maternal-Depravation
 Sexual Adequacy
 Sexual Identity
 Structural Deficit in Object Relations
Defective Stimulus Barriers (Krystal-Raskin)
Inability to Desomatise Emotions
Mal-adaptive Narcissism (Wursmer)
Defense Against Overwhelming Feelings of Rage
and Loneliness
Impoverished Self Esteem (Khamtzian)
Lack of Capacity for Self Care and Poor Emotional
Regulation

Tension and Stress Reduction Model
 Low Tolerance for Tension
 Stimulus Augmenting
 Drugs (CNS, D)) Reduce Tension = People Use it and Get this
Response = Reinforcement
Socio-Cultural Models




Cultural Circumstances - Tension
Attitude Toward Drug Taking
Cultural; Substitutes as Means of Satisfaction
Alienation – Anomie
Neurotransmitters Brain Pleasure Centers
 Dopamine
 Re uptake
 Inhibition
Number of Juvenile Arrests
Nationwide 1996
• 1.9 Million juvenile arrests, up 35.4% from
1987
• 93,000 Juveniles arrested for FBI Violent
Index Crimes, up 59.9% from 1987 murder,
rape, robbery, aggravated assault
• 480,000 Juveniles arrested for FBI Property
Index Crimes, up 7.9% from 1987 burglary,
larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
Source: FBI Crime in the United States, 1996 – Table 32
Impact of Drugs on Criminality
28
18
Age 7
13
Normal bell curve
If drugs come into play
Crime / Antisocial Behavior
Role of Biology and Environment
Antisocial
Parent/
Antisocial
Adoptive
Environment
Non Antisocial
Parent/
Psychological
Illness or
Antisocial
Environment
Criminal Parent/
Non Criminal
Adoptee
R.J. Cadoret, 1978, Archives of General Psychiatry
Birth Complications & Maternal Rejection
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No Rejection / No
Complication
N=1750
Rejection Only
N=256
Birth Complication
Only
N=2064
Rejection and Birth
Complication
N=191
A. Raine, 1994, Archives of General Psychiatry
Risk Factors
Psychiatric
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abusive/violent family
Drug use environment
Socialization Factors
Episodic Symptoms
Neuro/Limbic dysfunction
Cognitive impairments
External
Vulnerabilities
Inherent
Vulnerabilities
How We Develop: Risk Factors Cascading
Across Domains of Development &Time
Age <1
Difficult to soothe infant
Age 2
Coercive parent-child relationship
Age 3
Poor self-regulation & control
Age 4
Child rejected by pro-social peers
Age 5
Child rejected by teacher
Age 6
Child bonds to other rejected peers
Age 7
Poor school bonding
How We Develop Risk Factors Cascading
Across Domains of Development & Time
Age 8
Poor academic achievement
Age 9
Minor infractions: lying, petty stealing
Age 10
Cigarette smoking
Age 11
Alcohol use
Age 12
Marihuana use, arrests
Age 13
Risky sexual behavior
Age 14
Crack cocaine
How We Develop
• Remember: Social bonding is
– Attachment to others in social unit
– Investment in lines of action consistent
with social unit
– Belief in values of the unit
How We Develop
Bonding & Environment
For example:
– Abandonment
– Foster care
– Group homes
– Juvenile detention
– Prison
How We Develop
Bonding & Environment
All advance an education
A sense of social definition…
Their notion of the world and how to
handle it -- “might is right” -- etc.
How We Develop

Integration

Inner Voices / Conscience
 Culture, atmosphere & reference points
become deeply integrated
 It is our definition of self
 These become our inner voices
 These voices influence our attitudes and
behavior
Behavior & Attitude
PRO-SOCIAL
OR
ANTI-SOCIAL
 Depends on predominant behaviors
 Values & norms of those to whom we
are bonded
Criminal Personality Prototypes
Psychopaths
Sociopaths
ASPDs
Perpetrators with
criminal records
All perpetrators of illegal, criminal and destructive acts
Henry Richards, PhD, U Wash
Now What?
The person who
comes to us bonded,
attached
and has powerful inner voices.
Types of Substance Abusing
Offenders
 Substance abusing offenders are not a
homogenous group.
 A classification model:
The Early Stage Substance Abuser
The Addict
The Dually Diagnosed Substance Abuser
The Criminogenic Substance Abuser
The Early Stage Substance
Abuser
Early stage refers to experimental and
recreational substance abusers whose
crimes result from impaired judgment or
disinhibition while under the influence of
drugs and/or alcohol
The Addict
Addicts are those for whom daily life is
dedicated to drug-seeking behavior.
Petty crime has become their primary
means to support their addiction.
Serious or violent crime is less
prevalent in this group than in the
criminogenic substance abuser.
The Dually Diagnosed
Substance Abuser
The mentally ill substance abuser, often
referred to as dually diagnosed, has a
concurrent mental illness and substance
abuse problem.
The Criminogenic Substance
Abuser
Criminogenic substance abusers are
those who do not wish to be part of
mainstream society and have chosen to
be members of outlaw subcultures.
Their substance abuse is incidental to
their criminal behavior.