Transcript Chapter 7

Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
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Consciousness
• Our awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
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Biological rhythms
• Periodic physiological fluctuations
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Circadian rhythm
• The biological clock; regular bodily
rhythms (for example, of
temperature and wakefulness) that
occur on a 24 hour cycle.
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REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement sleep, a
recurring sleep stage during which
vivid dreams, only occur. Also
known as paradoxical sleep, because
the muscles are relaxed (except for
minor twitches) but other body
systems are active.
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Alpha waves
• The relatively slow brain waves are
very relaxed, awake state.
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Sleep
• reversible loss of consciousness – as
distinct from unconsciousness
resulting from a coma, general
anesthesia, or hibernation.
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Hallucinations
• False sensory experience, such as
seeing something in the absence of
an external visual stimulus.
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Delta waves
• The large, slow brain waves
associated with deep sleep.
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Insomnia
• Recurring problems and falling or
staying asleep.
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Narcolepsy
• A sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks. The
sufferer may lapse directly into REM
sleep, often at inopportune times.
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Sleep apnea
• A sleep disorder characterized by
temporary cessation of breathing
during sleep and repeated
momentary awakenings.
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Night terrors
• A sleep disorder characterized by
high arousal in an appearance of
being terrified; unlike nightmares,
night terrors occur during stage 4
sleep, within two or three hours of
falling asleep, and are seldom
remembered.
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Dream
• A sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind.
• Dreams are notable for their
hallucinatory imagery,
discontinuities, and incongruities,
and for the dreamers illusion of
exceptions of the content and later
difficulties remembering it.
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Manifest content
• According to Sigmund Freud, the
remembered storyline of a dream [as
distinct from its latent, were hidden,
content].
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Latent content
• According to Freud, the underlining
meaning of a dream (as distinct from
its manifest content). Freud believed
that a dream’s latent content
functions as a safety valve.
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Posthypnotic suggestion
• A suggestion made during a hypnosis
session, to be carried out by after
the subject is no longer hypnotized;
used by some clinicians to help
control on desired symptoms and
behaviors.
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Disassociation
• A split in consciousness, which allows
some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others.
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Psychoactive drug
• A chemical substance that alters
perception and mood.
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Tolerance
• The diminishing effect with regular
use of the same dose of the drug,
requiring the user to take a larger
and larger doses before experiencing
the drugs affect.
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Withdrawal
• The discomfort and distressed that
follow discontinuing the use of an
addictive drug.
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Physical dependence
• A physiological need for a drug,
marked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms when the drug is
discontinued.
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Psychological dependence
• A psychological need to use a drug,
such as to relieve negative emotions.
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Addiction
• Compulsive drug craving and use.
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Depressants
• Drugs [such as alcohol, barbiturates,
and opiates] that reduce neural
activity and slow body functions.
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Barbiturates
• Drugs that the press yet to the of the
central nervous system, reducing
anxiety but impairing memory and
judgment.
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Opiates
• Opium and its derivatives, such as
morphine and heroin; they depress
neural activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety.
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Stimulants
• Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine,
and more powerful amphetamines,
cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite
neural activity and speed up body
functions.
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Amphetamines
• Drugs that stimulate neural activity,
causing speeded up body functions
and associated energy and mood
changes.
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Methamphetamine
• A powerfully addictive drug that
stimulates the central nervous
system, with speeded up body
functions and associated energy and
mood changes; over time, appears to
reduce baseline dopamine levels.
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
• a synthetic stimulant and mild
hallucinogen.
• Produces euphoria and social
intimacy, but with short-term health
risks and longer term harm to
serotonin producing neurons into
mood and cognition.
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Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic (“mind manifesting”)
drugs, such as LSD, that distort
perception and evoke sensory
images in the absence of sensory
input.
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LSD
• A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also
known as acid.
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THC
• Major active ingredient in marijuana;
triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations.
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Near death experience
• An altered state of consciousness
reported after a close brush with
death (such as through cardiac
arrest); often similar to drug-induced
hallucinations.
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Dualism
• The presumption that mind and body
are two distinct entities that interact.
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Monism
• Presumption that mind and body are
different aspects of the same thing.
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