Transcript CSE1720 - Pravin Shetty > Resume

Final Lecture
This is the final lecture for the Semester
We will be taking a brief look into the future 

and reviewing the Unit
and looking at some examination aspects
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 1
Future Directions
And what are some possible
future moves in Technology ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 2
Future Directions
LOGICAL
PHYSICAL
Translation
Model
User’s World
Computer’s World
Human Languages
Physical Structures
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 3
Future Directions
LOGICAL
Business Rules
and Definitions
Presentation
Layer
Different
Client
User
Runtime
Interfaces
Modules
Client Hardware
PHYSICAL
Data Access
Layer
Server
Different
Runtime
Database
Modules
Interfaces
Server Hardware
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 4
Future Directions
• Two major components - software and hardware
Term commonly used - price/performance ratio
• Gradual substitution of hardware for software - the
effort(cost) of producing efficient software is frequently not
now justified in terms of throughput
• 3rd Generation languages - 4th Generation languages
- One of the most significant differences is the Data
Dictionary - ‘Intelligence’ aspects
• Developing technology allows for separation of logical from
physical
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 5
Future Directions
• Replacement of software by hardware
Can apply to Interfacing of X to Y (a Word Document into
PowerPoint)
• And multi functional keyboards
• Virtual Machines and Virtual environments
• Virtual and Shared memory
• Intelligent Application Software - with advanced statistical
and probability built in functions
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 6
Future Directions
• Wider bandwidths for communications - E-Commerce, EBusiness
• Expansion of Electronic Commerce
• More advances in Optical storage devices
• Higher chip speeds - 4000MHz, 6000MHz ?(4GHz, 6GHz)
• MPP or Massively Parallel Processing, Cluster Processing
• Voice controlled processes
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 7
Future Directions
• and perhaps we will see some attention given to
– recovery from resource clashes (stalling) on modern
Personal Computers e.g. Pentium 4 and XP
such as ; a continuous logging device
automatic restart (intelligent software)
automatic log control - release
check points
transaction logging
error detection logging
self diagnostics
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 8
Future Directions
• Disk Technology : Performance (access speeds) improved
by:
Memory chips
type of CPU chip or perhaps chips
more memory data caching
hard coded compression routines used
‘elevator seek routines’ - small programs
which examine the disk access queue and reorganise
it -- speed improvement (also look ahead functions) - sometimes known as read ahead and write ahead
intent
• Greater capacity, faster and ‘microsize’ storage devices
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 9
Future Directions
• RAID technology - Redundant arrays of
Inexpensive Disks. Provides fault tolerance, and also
improves access speeds by using data spread
arrays
• Higher levels of Fault Tolerance - Redundancy
• These techniques remove the necessity for
programmer, system designer/administrator ‘tuning’
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A typical RAID unit - note the 7 disks
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 11
Future Directions
• Disk Drives : Caching makes large memory allocations
unnecessary
Compression/Decompression makes
program handling unnecessary
Data placement capabilities (horizontal and
vertical partitioning) become irrelevant
when RAID technology is used
Overall effect: Database software and user effort in optimising
database access will be minimised/eliminated
User benefit : - faster access, less
management (people) effort
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 12
Future Directions
Architecture for larger data warehouses :
Storage Area Network (SAN)
This effectively merges all of the diskdrives off mainframes
and servers into a single location.
The benefits ?
High performance disk access
High performance transfers between applications
High performance direct transfer from disk to disk
Applications do not need to know where data is located
(openness)
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 13
Future Directions
External LAN
Server
Server
Adapter
Server
Adapter
Switch
Server
Adapter
Adapter
Switch
Bridge
Disk Array
Disk Array
Disk Array
Tape Library
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 14
Future Directions
A replacement for Silicon ?
Gallium Arsenide :
Faster movement of electronic impulses
Optical transmissions are possible (not so with silicon)
Higher temperature tolerance.
Generate less heat
Biotechnology ? Artificial growth of molecules as conductors
Vacuum tube chip farms ? Electrons travel faster in a
vacuum as opposed to air. Possible very low heat levels.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 15
Future Directions
• Intel announced (December 2001) semiconductor design
which will help in continuing doubling the performance of
microchips every 18 to 24 months until the end of the
decade (2009, 2010 ?)
• This development is expected to decrease power
requirements, and also power leakage
• Ability to mass produce microchips with 1,000,000,000
(109) transistors by 2007
• 10 times faster data switching than in 2002 - no increase in
power consumption
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 16
Future Directions
• Nanotechnology - smaller, faster, more efficient, mobile
(remember the article on RFIDs ?)
• Mobile services will continue to be come
• smaller
• faster
• and embedded in many objects we touch
• They will enable
– real-time interaction with customers
– participation in collaborative projects
– access to a global network of intelligence
• And the distinction between communication and computing
will become imprecise
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 17
Future Directions
• Molecular Memory (there is an article in your notes)
• A means of ‘cramming’ more data into a memory cell
• Molecular wires - nanotechnology
• Molecular wires - parcels of charge around a molecule
• A grid of wires, each about 2 nanometres in diameter
– A nanometre is one millionth of a millimetre (roughly 10
carbon atoms long)
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 18
Holographic Memory - What’s That ?
• It could be the replacement for hard disks
• Devices which use light (photo-optic) to store and read
data
• Compact disks (CD) - 783 megabytes (soon  1.3 GB)
• DVD (Digital Versatile Disks) - 15.9 Gigabytes
• Data is stored as bits (binary digits) - and on the surface of
the recording media
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 19
Holographic Memory
• New optical storage research is focused on 3D storage - to
use the volume of the storage media - not just the surface
area.
• Possibility of storing a terabyte (212 bytes) of data in a
sugar-cube-size crystal - 1,000 gigabytes
• The data on 1,000 CDs could fit onto a holographic
memory system
• Current PC hard disk drives hold about 80/120 Gigabytes which is considerably smaller capacity that 1,000
Gigabytes
• Have you seen any advertising for an HDSS (desktop
holographic storage system)
• Data transfer rate at 40 Megabytes per second
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 20
Linux ?
• A possible replacement for Microsoft ?
• Cheaper, free downloads
• No server license fees, client accessing licences
• Cost effectiveness ? Less demanding on hardware
platform
• Sound base for database applications - DB2, Oracle
• Business software - competitor to Office nnnn?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 21
Future Directions
• We will see much development in the use of the World
Wide Web and Internet resources
• Not only as an advertising or data resource, but as
– a viable and secure means of transacting international
business
– a teaching mechanism
– a communications facility with auto-translate capabilities
– a global interlink of finance, banking, markets, social,
cultural, and geographic data
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 22
Future Directions
• Expanded use of Portals - more ‘work’ performed by the
software to support users
• Non structured data bases - more powerful construction,
linking, and access tools. (also maintenance)
• Higher levels of security and reliability
• Multi dimensional access and retrieval tools
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 23
Future Directions
• More intelligent and interactive displays - visualisation
• More advanced, clearer, less volume, more focussed
• Cube displays, multi dimension displays of data (outputs)
• ‘Intelligent’ information
• More accurate, faster and easier to understand and assess
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 24
Future Directions
Data Mining
1. A marketing company using historical response data to
build models to predict who will respond to a direct mail or
telephone solicitation is using ‘data mining’
2. A manufacturer analysing sensor data to isolate conditions
which lead to unplanned production stoppages is using
‘data mining’.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 25
Future Directions
3. A Government agency which sifts through records of
financial transactions looking for patterns which could
indicate money laundering or drug trading is ‘mining data’
looking for evidence of criminal activity.
4. A computer based search through a document archive
(such as the World Wide Web) for material on a specific
topic is another example of ‘data mining’.
Were you ‘data mining’ in Assignment 1 ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 26
Future Directions
The concept of ‘mining’ data to produce important
information or patterns could and should be of benefit to
organisations.
Data mining is useful in exploratory analysis scenarios
(data = structured data and unstructured text)
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 27
Future Directions
It’s important to understand what data mining is NOT
Once a pattern has been established by data mining, it is a
known or established pattern.
Analyses on known patterns are not data mining
Techniques which require implementation of rules,
predefined training examples, automated supervised
learning are not examples of data mining.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 28
Future Directions
Monitoring involves ‘online pattern matching operations’.
Financial markets, air traffic control, road traffic, credit card
transactions, medical billing are classic cases of
‘monitoring’ - the criteria for such monitoring need to be
established
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 29
Future Directions
The ‘technical’ content of Data Mining has 3 well defined
areas
• Algorithms and Techniques
• Data
• Modelling practices
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 30
Future Directions
The 3 threads or antecedents of Data Mining are
• Machine learning
• Statistics
• Decision Support
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 31
Some Questions
• Is Industry really obtaining a return on its investments in
Information Technology ?
• Or, is Industry squandering investments which do not
return an ‘acceptable’ rate of return ?
• Is the continual development of new hardware, new
software and new demands counter productive ?
• Is the Industry ‘Market Led’ or ’Business Requirement’
Led ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 32
An Oracle Prediction
This is a shortened version of an article by Kelli Wiseth,
Editor in Chief of Oracle Magazine.
It is relative to the business world you will experience.
– Many businesses are, or will be, putting their shingle (a
calling card) on the Web. Those who are not will be left
behind in the new economy.
– When ‘everyone’ has an Internet presence, what makes
a business different ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 33
An Oracle Prediction
– One way is to combine the capabilities of the
infrastructure into the business model.
– How is this done ?
– Business theorists suggest that the new economic
models require organisations to “deconstruct” the
business model
– ‘Deconstruction’ is “the dismantling and reformulation of
traditional business structures that result from two
forces :
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 34
An Oracle Prediction
One of these forces is the separation of the economics of
information from the economics of things,
Another is the expansion of the trade-off between richness
of information as defined by the user,
and the number of people who participate in the sharing of
that information
all nicely balanced within the economics of information.
[quality = accuracy, bandwidth, currency, customisation,
interactivity, relevance, security]
Philip Evans and Thomas Wurster - Boston Consulting Group, Harvard Business
Scholl Press, 1999. ‘Blown to Bits’
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 35
An Oracle Prediction
Once deconstruction is completed, reconstruction must
take place, and developers must make real steps to design
and develop those applications which will become the
framework for the new business models.
New business models will be built in internet time, and
applications which support business must be intelligently
and thoughtfully crafted.
Perhaps no more ‘Business’ and ‘Information Technology’
camps - just one camp ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 36
An Oracle Prediction
And this is where and how you will be involved :
The historical separation between business and technology
in organisations has begin to thaw.
Business users themselves will, and must, play a greater
role in shaping the applications they need for these new ebusinesses - including the B2B environments.
Knowledge Management
Competitive Business Intelligence
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 37
Unit Outline
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 38
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Introduction, Objectives, Practical uses and Users of
Computing
• Components of a Computer System.
Purpose of Computer Hardware and Software
• Combination of Hardware, Software, People Skills,
Controls --- > System
• Input Equipment
- Objectives, Variety, Applications
• Output Equipment - Objectives, Variety, Applications
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 39
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Windows 2000/XP Operating Systems
– Registry
– Hardware control
– Process control
– User control
– Domains
• which really means more ‘software intelligence’
• and computer based monitoring and response
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 40
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• The Internet and the World Wide Web
–
–
–
–
Web sites/Home pages
Developing a Web page
Security aspects
E-commerce
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 41
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Storage Requirements - High speed, High capacity
Memory - Volatile, high speed of access
Auxiliary - Stable, high capacity, slower access speeds
• Processors - Mainframe, Mini, Micro
Some boundaries
Configuration capabilities
and SuperComputers (Clusters, Massively Parallel
Processing, Grid Computing)
• Business Software (micro based) - Windows, Excel,
Access, Word, PowerPoint - Applications base
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 42
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Information Requirements - Information Life Cycle
System Development Cycle
Project Management
Decision Support
On line, Interactive, Batch
Centralised, Distributed Processing
• Communications and Capabilities - Connectivity Internet Portals
• Hardware / Software Selection - User requirements, Data
Analysis
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 43
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Data security, Recovery, Archiving, Access Security,
Access Controls and Privileges
• Consumer and Customer focussed applications, including
Data Mining
• Trends - faster, easier to use, language gap bridges, other
forms of data (video, objects, sound, multi media), virtual
concepts. ‘hard software and soft hardware’
• ‘Self Developing Applications’
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 44
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• Some social implications of technology - skills,
displacements, reliance, reliability, controls
– Ethics
– Responsibilities
– Safeguards
• Knowledge Workers - The Information Age
• Knowledge Management and Intelligence
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 45
CSE1720 - Unit Outline
• And …..
– Are we (the users) able to
• Take advantage of large, costly and complex
systems
• Are we able to ‘manage’ these applications
• Are we skilled enough in defining what the real
current, short term, and long term information
requirements are
• Do we really obtain a positive benefit
• Do we capitalise on investments in Information
Technology
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 46
Well, that’s the end of the ‘formal’
material
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 47
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 48
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 49
The Examination !!
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 51
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 52
Examination Hints
• Make sure of the TIME , DATE and LOCATION
• Misreading of the Time, Date or Location, IS NOT
accepted for Supplementary or Deferred Examination
application.
• Make sure you have your I.D. Card
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 53
Examination Hints
Where is it ?
The exam will be conducted in Lecture Theatres
B 2.13 and B 2.14
Level 2 of B Block.
It will commence at 9.30am. You will start reading the
paper at 9.30am, and will commence writing at 9.40am.
It will conclude at 11.40am
The Theatres will be opened at 9.15am.
Leave 1 seat space between yourself and the next person
Leave alternate rows of seats vacant
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 54
Examination Hints
• Make sure your bag is on the floor, next to you, and
unopened
• NO BOOKS, NOTES nor ACTIVE MOBILE PHONES
• A Calculator (not a WAP nor Palm Top) may be used. One
of the Section B questions requires a calculation.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 55
Examination Hints
• Listen carefully to the Supervisor’s directions
• Use the 10 minutes ‘reading time’ to familiarise yourself
with the instructions, layout and questions.
• Start writing when advised by the Supervisor - don’t lose
marks unnecessarily
• Manage your time carefully
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 56
Examination Hints
• If you are stuck on a question, MOVE ONTO ANOTHER
ONE
• In answering questions, use
• diagrams
• text
• note
• point form - whichever you feel best suits
(Not Part A)
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 57
Examination Hints
Examination structure
Part A 30 multichoice OR an Essay
(30 marks)
Part B 20 questions
Answer 15 only (30 marks)
Part C
Answer 4 only (40 marks)
7 questions
Only answer the number of questions required.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 58
Examination Hints
• DO NOT WRITE after the Supervisor has given the
termination notice - you could lose marks
• Make sure your I.D. and Name are on all materials handed
up
• Hand up all required materials
• Leave the examination centre QUIETLY
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 59
Examination Hints
• If you cannot attend the examination, notify your Faculty
Office and make an application for Special Consideration
WITH SOME DOCUMENTATION - e.g. medical certificate,
statutory declaration .....
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 60
Some Revision Guides
• Summary information at the end of appropriate chapters, in
Parker and Morley - plus the Unit notes and overheads
from
http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s
• Review your Data Research, Windows, Excel and Access
assignments
• Previous examination papers - at the website
Semester 1, 2003 and Semester 2, 2003 (with answers)
in Word Office97 format
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 61
Section C Topics
1. Environmental Considerations
2. Development of Web sites
3. Security Aspects of Systems
4. Explanation of Terms e.g. browser, network
5. System Development Methodologies
6. The links between Technology and Information
7. The need for the use of Web facilities in ‘new’ systems
8. What is ‘technology’ ?
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 62
And that’s it for this unit in the Summer Semester 2005
I hope you found the material interesting.
Best wishes for all your examinations
and for the successful completion of your
Degree course.
2005 is the fifth year of the 21st Century.
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 63