Transcript LWW PPT Slide Template Master - Medical College Admission Test

Chapter 8: Drugs
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Objectives
 The difference between over-the-counter and prescription drugs.
 Potential adverse side effects of drugs.
 Interaction between drugs.
 The generic name and the trade name of a drug.
 Drug references.
 Word parts pertaining to drugs.
 Major categories of drugs and how they act.
 Common herbal medicines, how they act, issues involved in their use.
 Common routes of drug administration.
 Standard forms in which liquid and solid drugs are prepared.
 Abbreviations related to drugs and their use.
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Key Terms
anaphylaxis
An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress,
circulatory collapse, and death
antagonist
A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
brand name
The trade or proprietary name of a drug, a registered trademark of
the manufacturer; written with an initial capital letter
contraindication
A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
drug
A substance that alters body function
efficacy
The power to produce a specific result; effectiveness
generic name
The nonproprietary name of a drug; that is, a name that is not
privately owned or trademarked; usually a simplified version of the
chemical name; not capitalized
phytomedicine
Another name for herbal medicine
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Key Terms (cont’d)
potentiation
Increased potency created by two drugs acting together
prescription (Rx)
Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration
side effect
A result of drug therapy or other therapy that is unrelated to or an
extension of its intended effect. The term usually applies to an
undesirable effect of treatment.
substance
dependence
A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a
person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its
adverse effects; dependence may be psychological or physical
synergy
Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an
effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone;
also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adj. synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik)
tolerance
A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness
and the dose must be increased to produce the original response
withdrawal
A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has
been used regularly
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Drugs and Drug Formulations
APAP
Acetaminophen
ASA
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
ASHP
American Society of Health System Pharmacists
cap
Capsule
elix
Elixir
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
INH
Isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)
MED(s)
Medicine(s), medication(s)
NSAID(s)
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s)
ODS
Office of Dietary Supplements
OTC
Over-the-counter
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Drugs and Drug Formulations (cont’d)
PDR
Physicians' Desk Reference
Rx
Prescription
supp
Suppository
susp
Suspension
tab
Tablet
tinct
Tincture
ung
Ointment
USP
United States Pharmacopeia
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Dosages and Directions
ā
Before (Latin, ante)
āā
Of each (Greek, ana)
ac
Before meals (Latin, ante cibum)
ad lib
As desired (Latin, ad libitum)
aq
Water (Latin, aqua)
bid
Twice a day (Latin, bis in die)
c
With (Latin, cum)
D/C, dc
Discontinue
DS
Double strength
gt(t)
Drop(s) (Latin, gutta)
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Dosages and Directions (cont’d)
hs
At bedtime (Latin, hora somni)
ID
Intradermal(ly)
IM
Intramuscular(ly)
IU
International unit
IV
Intravenous(ly)
LA
Long-acting
mcg
Microgram
mg
Milligram
mL
Milliliter
p
After, post
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Dosages and Directions (cont’d)
pc
After meals (Latin, post cibum)
po
By mouth (Latin, per os)
pp
Postprandial (after a meal)
prn
As needed (Latin, pro re nata)
qam
Every morning (Latin, quaque ante meridiem)
qh
Every hour (Latin, quaque hora)
q ____ h
Every ____ hours
qid
Four times a day (Latin, quater in die)
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Abbreviations
Dosages and Directions (cont’d)
S
Without (Latin, sine)
SA
Sustained action
SC, SQ, subcu
Subcutaneous(ly)
SL
Sublingual(ly)
SR
Sustained release
SS
Half (Latin, semis)
tid
Three times per day (Latin, ter in die)
x
Times
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drugs
• Substance that alters body function
• Derived from:
– Natural plants
– Animals
– Mineral sources
– Synthetic material
– Genetic engineering
• Obtained OTC or by prescription
• FDA regulates
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
-lytic
dissolving,
reducing,
loosening
thrombolytic
agent that dissolves a
blood clot (thrombus)
-mimetic
mimicking,
simulating
sympatho-mimetic
mimicking the effects of
the sympathetic nervous
system
-tropic
acting on
psychotropic
acting on the mind
(psych/o)
against
antiemetic
drug that prevents
vomiting (emesis)
Suffixes
Prefixes
anti-
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d)
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
contra-
against, oppose
contraceptive
preventing conception
counter-
opposite, against
countertransport
movement in an
opposite direction
alg/o, algi/o,
algesi/o
pain
algesia
sense of pain
chem/o
chemical
chemotherapy
treatment with drugs
Prefixes
Roots
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d)
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
hypn/o
sleep
hypnosis
induced state of sleep
narc/o
stupor
narcotic
agent that induces a state
of stupor with decreased
sensation
pharm,
pharmac/o
drug, medicine
pharmacy
the science of preparing
and dispensing drugs, or
the place where these
activities occur
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever
antipyretic
counteracting fever
tox/o, toxic/o
poison, toxin
toxicity
state of being poisonous
vas/o
vessel
vasodilation
widening of a vessel
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Adverse Drug Effects
• Sometimes have effects not intended:
– Side effects, usually minor
– Anaphylaxis = severe allergic reaction
• May not be used even if normally beneficial:
– Contraindications = reasons not to use based on
specific info about individual
– Synergy or antagonist drugs reacting with /against
each other
• Sometimes cause substance dependence or tolerance
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drug Names
• Generic
– Simple version of chemical name for drug
– Not capitalized
• Brand name
– Registered trademark of manufacturer
– Same drug by different companies have different
trade names
– Begins with capital letter
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drug Information
• Four sources:
– United States Pharmacopeia
• Published by national committee of pharmacologists
• Contains standards for:
• Testing drug strength
• Testing drug quality
• Testing drug purity
• Preparation of drugs
• Dispensing of drugs
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Drug Information (cont’d)
– American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP)
– Physician’s Desk Reference
• Information supplied by drug manufacturers
– Pharmacist
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Herbal Medicines
• Use of plants to treat disease
• Technical term for herbal medicine: phytomedicine
• Ongoing issues:
–
Purity
–
Safety
–
Concentration
–
Efficacy (effectiveness)
–
Drug interactions
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Herbal Medicines (cont’d)
• No FDA testing or regulation
• Office of Dietary Support supports and coordinates
research
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the:
(a) Food and Drug Administration
(b) US Department of Agriculture
(c) Department of Health and Human Services
(d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the:
(a) Food and Drug Administration
(b) US Department of Agriculture
(c) Department of Health and Human Services
(d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. A reason for not using a specific drug is:
(a) prescription
(b) prognosis
(c) counterpurpose
(d) contraindication
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. A reason for not using a specific drug is:
(a) prescription
(b) prognosis
(c) counterpurpose
(d) contraindication
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its:
(a) chemical name
(b) generic name
(c) brand name
(d) over the counter name
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its:
(a) chemical name
(b) generic name
(c) brand name
(d) over the counter name
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. A written and signed order for a drug is a(n):
(a) license
(b) prescription
(c) indication
(d) therapy
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. A written and signed order for a drug is a(n):
(a) license
(b) prescription
(c) indication
(d) therapy
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The word root for drug or medicine is:
(a) pharm
(b) scop
(c) log
(d) lapar
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The word root for drug or medicine is:
(a) pharm
(b) scop
(c) log
(d) lapar
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. An analgesic is a drug used for:
(a) fractures
(b) water retention
(c) coma
(d) pain
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. An analgesic is a drug used for:
(a) fractures
(b) water retention
(c) coma
(d) pain
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. An antihypertensive drug affects:
(a) blood pressure
(b) diet
(c) growth
(d) ovulation
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. An antihypertensive drug affects:
(a) blood pressure
(b) diet
(c) growth
(d) ovulation
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. The solvent in an aqueous solution is:
(a) acid
(b) water
(c) salt
(d) base
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. The solvent in an aqueous solution is:
(a) acid
(b) water
(c) salt
(d) base
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
9. The abbreviation IV means:
(a) inverted
(b) introverted
(c) intravenous
(d) inviable
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
9. The abbreviation IV means:
(a) inverted
(b) introverted
(c) intravenous
(d) inviable
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
10. The abbreviation prn means:
(a) as needed
(b) once a day
(c) each night
(d) before meals
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
10. The abbreviation prn means:
(a) as needed
(b) once a day
(c) each night
(d) before meals
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins