Transcript Lec 3 - UCSD Cognitive Science

UPCOMING SIMPKINS & SIMPKINS WORKSHOPS:
Yoga & Mindfulness Meditation: Clinical Applications for MindBrain Change in Anxiety and Depression Seminar
FOUR POINTS HOTEL BY SHERATON SAN DIEGO, 8110 AERO DRIVE, SAN DIEGO,
CA 92123 Thursday, February 02, 2012 at 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
https://www.pesi.com/search/detail/index.asp?eventid=10760
HILTON GARDEN INN CARLSBAD BEACH, 6450 CARLSBAD BLVD, Carlsbad, CA
92011 Friday, February 03, 2012 at 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
http://www.pesi.com/search/detail/index.asp?eventid=10761
This seminar will give you a tour of the brain, the latest clinically relevant research on yoga
treatments, and the latest neuroscience findings on how yoga changes the brain, mind and
body. You will gain immediately usable tools to integrate directly into your practice. Join
leading yoga experts, authors, and clinicians C. Alexander Simpkins, Ph.D., and Annellen
Simpkins, Ph.D and take home new interventions that reduce client anxiety, depression,
addiction, and impulse control disorders. Learn new mindful techniques of awareness and
sensitive mind-body attunement to keep your clients in the present moment and help them
recover their natural balance.
Recommended Reading: Simpkins & Simpkins, Meditation and Yoga in
Psychotherapy and The Dao of Neuroscience
A Brief History of Drugs
An overview of drug policy and use
in the United States from the
mid-1800s to the present
Early 1900s (cont.)
• Marijuana Scare (1930-1937)
– Marijuana Tax Act (1937)
• Introduced by Anslinger
• Applied to cannabis, hemp, and marijuana
– Dr. James C. Munch, US Official
Expert on Marihuana from 1938-1962
• Drug use lowers during WWII
(1939-1945)
Like Night and Day: 50s & 60s
• Punitive approach in 1950s
– Boggs Amendment (1951)
• Mandatory minimum sentencing
– Narcotics Control Act (1956)
• Death sentence for heroin sales
• Medical approach in 1960s
– Methadone maintenance (heroin)
– Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act
(1966)
• Voluntary and mandatory treatment
Problems with Methadone Maintenance Clinics
• Cultural
– Does not end addiction – makes it more
socially acceptable
• Contrary to American attitude that
addiction should be stopped, not
catered to
• Legal
– Nationwide system difficult to regulate
• Diversion of supplies to nonaddicts a
problem
• Economic
– Operators make huge profits
• Creates a conflict of interest
• Scientific
– Lack of a scientific basis for maintenance
Drug Control in a Period of Rising Use
(1962-1980)
• White House Conference
on Narcotics and Drug
Abuse
– Value in medical
treatments
– Alternatives to prison
sentencing
• Rise in LSD and Marijuana
Use
• Merging of counterculture
and drug culture
– Marijuana as symbol
1970s
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse and
Control Act (1970)
– Drug scheduling
• Nixon declares “War on Drugs”
(1971)
– DEA (1973):
Law enforcement
• Nixon increases education
– NIDA (1974):
Drug research
• Ford rejects White Paper on Drug
Abuse (1975)
• Carter advocates marijuana
decriminalization (1977)
• Drugs use peaks (1979)
1980s: (2nd) War on Drugs
• Crack cocaine and AIDS epidemic
(mid 80s)
• Expanded mandatory minimums
(1984)
• Reagan renews “War on Drugs”
(1986)
– Nancy Reagan – Just Say No campaign
• 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act
– Office of National Drug Control Policy
created (1988): Drug Czar
• established the creation of a drug-free
America as a policy
• U.S. military involvement (1989)
1990s
• Juvenile drug arrests soar (mid 90s)
• Supreme Court allows student athlete
drug testing (1995)
• Voters in CA and AZ approve medical
marijuana (1996): Prop 215
• Clinton launches $350 million antidrug advertising campaign (1997)
– The return of the egg
2000s: May you live in interesting times...
• Plan Colombia (2000): $1.3B
• Proposition 36 passes in CA (2000)
– Allows substance abuse treatment
instead of incarceration
• Taliban given $43 million – some of
it to fight drugs (2001)
• Superbowl ads link drugs with
terrorism (2002)
• Supreme Court expands student
drug testing to any extracurricular
activity (2002)
Drug Scheduling
(http://www.usdoj.ov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html)
• Schedule I
– high potential for abuse
– no currently accepted medical use in treatment in U. S.
– lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
– examples: Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB), heroin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),
marijuana, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/Ecstasy).
• Schedule II
– high potential for abuse.
– currently accepted medical use in treatment in U. S.
– abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
– examples: cocaine, methadone, methamphetamine, morphine, phencyclidine (PCP).
• Schedule III
– potential for abuse less than Schedules I and II.
– currently accepted medical use in treatment in U.S.
– abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological
dependence.
– examples: anabolic steroids, codeine, ketamine, Marinol, some barbiturates
Drug Scheduling (cont.)
• Schedule IV
– low potential for abuse relative to Schedule III.
– currently accepted medical use in treatment in U.S.
– abuse may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to Schedule III.
– examples: fenfluramine, Halcion, Meridia, Rohypnol, Valium.
• Schedule V
– as Schedule IV but less dangerous
– examples: buprenorphine, over-the-counter cough medicines with codeine.
Alcohol and nicotine are not scheduled drugs.
Neither is salvia divinorum.
Scheduling Process
• Proceedings may be initiated by
– Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
– Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
– Any interested party (drug manufacturer, medical society, public interest
group, individual citizen)
• Criteria
– potential for abuse
– currently accepted medical use in the US
– international treaties.
• DEA (legal)  HHS (scientific/medical) FDANIDApublicDEA
• Exceptions to process
– International treaties
– "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety"