Transcript GIS APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

GIS APPLICATIONS IN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Melanie Tennant, Research Associate
Gisela Bichler-Robertson, Director
CPAL-CSU, San Bernardino
Association for Criminal Justice Research
Oct. 18-19, 2001, San Diego
http://cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html
I. What is GIS?
Geographic
Information
System
spatial realities
data and their meaning
computer technology
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
The GIS Funnel
Source: Davis, B., (1996). GIS a Visual
Approach. Onward Press. Pg. 26.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
GIS Analysis:
Techniques using maps to
explore data and identify
patterns.
• Pin Maps
• Cloropleth or Thematic Maps
• Density Maps
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Current GIS Applications in
Criminal Justice
• Law Enforcement
– Arson Investigation
– Border Patrol
– Police Departments
• Courts
• Corrections
• Probation/Parole
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
II. Police Use of GIS
1. Augment Traditional Functions
–
–
Crime Analysis
Information Dissemination
2. Enhance Problem Solving
–
–
Community and Problem-oriented
Policing
Task Forces
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Enhancing Traditional
Crime Analysis
Strategic
– Identify unusual activity
levels by time or location
– Forecast potential crime
events/ concentration
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for
Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Tactical
– Day to day
– For series, patterns, sprees, hot spots
– Used for Deployment & Administration
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Source: Bueermann, J.
(1999). Mapping for
Managers. CMRC 10th
Annual Conference.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Investigative
– crime scene, psychological &
forensic information
– link serial or related events
– Temporal, geographic, DAN
evidence to develop trends
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
CSU San Bernardino
Source: Rossmo, 1999. Figure 6.1.CPALIn: K.
Harries.
Mapping Crime:Principle and Practice. NIJ.P.153
Intelligence
– linkage between crime
organizations & enterprises
– Relate elements such as companies,
agencies, people, times, days, to
crimes & places
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Operations
– Assess needs (calls for service,
population of data & demographics)
– Generate projections for
deployment & resource allocation
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Source: Hayes, (2001).
“Patrol
Deployment/
Redistricting ®”
CPALCSU
San Bernardino
IACA Training Conference, Long Beach Sept. 20th 2001.
Academic or Administrative
– reports or statistical summaries for
grant funding, commanders &
public
– Policy implications beyond law
enforcement
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
RYGCA
;
;
PARK
[%%
[
[% [%
[
%
[ [%
%
[ %
%
[%
[
%
[[
%
[
%
[%
%
[%
%
[
[
[
[
%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[%
%
[ Employment
%
;
; %[
CITRU S
[ORANGE
%
;
[
%
[ [%
%
LUGONIA
[
%
[
%
COLTON
Development Department
[
%
CITRU S
[
%
[
%
[
%
VE
[
%
D
SI
KE
LA
Loma Linda Behavioral
M edical Center
E
N
SA
[
%
;
[
%
[
%
[
%
[
[%%
1
2
3
4
5
S
ES
PR
CY
H
D
AN
HL
IG
Treatment Sites & Social Services
Drug Court Clients
Streets
Beats
[
%
ER
NT
CE
I
KS
OO
BR
I
OL
DE
[
%
[
%
WABASH
[
%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[%
[ %
[%%
[
%
[ %
%
[[%
[
[
%
JUDSON
TEXAS
NEVADA
ALABAMA
STATE HWY 30
Drug Court Treatment Center
[
%
RED LAN D S
CHURCH
ORANGE
H ome Addresses of Drug Court Clients
and Treatment Sites/Social ServiceLocations
RE
DL
AN
D
S
Department of Public
Social Services
W
E
S
ent Comm
r tm
ON
NY
CA
Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for
Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference. CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
N
ceDep
Poli
a
ds
EO
OT
[
%
i ty Anal ysi
s
un
M
TI
[
%
it Redla
Un
n
III. Challenges to Using GIS
Ethical Issues
– Redlining
– Privacy Issues/Liability
Technological limitations
– Learning curve
– Data Compatibility (format)
Data Limitations
– Large scales/ detail of basemaps
– Availability and Currency
– Lack of micro-level data
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Making Data & Mapping
Available to the Community
Advantages
Public awareness
Partnerships
Involvement/
Empowerment
Accountability
Disadvantages
Privacy
Commercialization
Redlining
Insurance rates
Misinterpretation
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
There are some important things that you need
to know about before using this data!
1.
ALL ASPECTS OF THE DATA PROVIDED HEREIN ARE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO A DEGREE OF ERROR DUE TO THE
COMPLEXITIES OF THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN COMPILING
AND PROGRAMMING THE DATA. NO WARRANTY,
REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTY IS MADE OR IMPLIED
REGARDING THE CONTENT, SEQUENCE, ACCURACY,
TIMELINESS OR COMPLETENESS OF THE DATA PROVIDED
HEREIN.
2.
THIS VISUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA IS BEING PROVIDED
STRICTLY AS A COURTESY, AND NOT AS AN OBLIGATION, TO ITS
READERS. THE POLICE DEPARTMENT DOES NOT HAVE STAFF
AVAILABLE TO ASSIST IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
PRESENTED HEREIN
I have read and understand the above Continue I do not wish to continue Back to main menu
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Sacramento Police Department http://citymaps.sacto.org/GISAPPS2/cdisclaimer.htm
Data Limitations impact
Problem Solving
• Lack of micro-level data in digital form
• Aggregation of community information
LEADS TO
Place Intensive Research
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Place Intensive
Methods
GIS Analysis
– Aggregated
information
– Large scale analysis
– Data and
technological
limitations
–Resource limitations
–Scale & boundaries
–Lost community
context
SOLUTION
Blended Approach
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Blended Approach
Phase 1. Community-level Analysis
Crime Analysis provides a framework and
focus.
Phase 2. Contextual-level Analysis
Abbreviated User Analysis identifies
micro, community level attributes that
influence crime.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Copies of this Presentation are
available from:
Crime Prevention Analysis Lab
California State University
San Bernardino
cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino