Transcript FVM-KVA 2012 - University of Nairobi

NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM PLANT
BIODIVERSITY AND MALARIA
Dr. Joseph M Nguta,
Department of Public
Health, Pharmacology and
Toxicology
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
Natural products from plants as drug sources
 The material culture of every civilization throughout
the world is based more on plants than on animals.
 People of the earth have depended for along time on
plants as a source of food, clothing, shelter,
transportation, medicines, rituals and traditions
 The plant kingdom met the health needs of humans
when no synthetic drugs were available and no
concept of surgical management existed
Cont.
 The world has witnessed growing scientific and
commercial interests in medicinal plants, mainly due
to their immense economic potential and the
widespread cultural acceptability of plant based
products.
 An inventory of medicinal plants compiled by WHO
lists 21,000 species of medicinal plants.
 According to WHO, 80% of the 5 billion people in
the dev. World rely on herbal remedies for their basic
health care needs.
Cont.
 The dev. world is rich in natural resourses, including
floral resources
 However, the south's floral wealth has not been
utilized for the benefit of its people.
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant Source
Acetyldigoxin
Cardiotonic
Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove,
woolly foxglove)
Adoniside
Cardiotonic
Adonis vernalis (pheasant's eye, red
chamomile)
Aescin
Antiinflammatory
Aesculus hippocastanum (horse
chestnut)
Aesculetin
Antidysentery
Frazinus rhychophylla
Agrimophol
Anthelmintic
Agrimonia supatoria
Ajmalicine
Treatment for circulatory disorders
Rauvolfia sepentina
Allantoin
Vulnerary
Several plants
Allyl isothiocyanate
Rubefacient
Brassica nigra (black mustard)
Anabesine
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Anabasis sphylla
Andrographolide
Treatment for baccillary dysentery
Andrographis paniculata
Anisodamine
Anticholinergic
Anisodus tanguticus
Anisodine
Anticholinergic
Anisodus tanguticus
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine (Cont.)
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant Source
Atropine
Anticholinergic
Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)
Benzyl benzoate
Scabicide
Several plants
Berberine
Treatment for bacillary dysentery
Berberis vulgaris (common barberry)
Bergenin
Antitussive
Ardisia japonica (marlberry)
Betulinic acid
Anticancerous
Betula alba (common birch)
Hyoscyamine
Anticholinergic
Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane, stinking
nightshade, henpin)
Irinotecan
Anticancer, antitumor agent
Camptotheca acuminata
Kaibic acud
Ascaricide
Digenea simplex (wireweed)
Kawain
Tranquilizer
Piper methysticum (kava kava)
Kheltin
Bronchodilator
Ammi visaga
Lanatosides A, B, C
Cardiotonic
Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly
foxglove)
Lapachol
Anticancer, antitumor
Tabebuia species (trumpet tree)
a-Lobeline
Smoking deterrant, respiratory stimulant
Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco)
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine (Cont.)
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant Source
Monocrotaline
Topical antitumor agent
Crotalaria sessiliflora
Morphine
Analgesic
Papaver somniferum (poppy)
Neoandrographolide
Treatment of dysentery
Andrographis paniculata
Nicotine
Insecticide
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
Antioxidant
Larrea divaricata (creosote bush)
Noscapine
Antitussive
Papaver somniferum (poppy)
Ouabain
Cardiotonic
Strophanthus gratus (ouabain tree)
Pachycarpine
Oxytocic
Sophora pschycarpa
Palmatine
Antipyretic, detoxicant
Coptis japonica (Chinese goldenthread,
goldthread, Huang-Lia)
Papain
Proteolytic, mucolytic
Carica papaya (papaya)
Papavarine
Smooth muscle relaxant
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy, common
poppy)
Phyllodulcin
Sweetener
Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea,
French hydrangea)
Physostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean)
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine (Cont.)
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant Source
Podophyllotoxin
Antitumor, anticancer agent
Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple)
Protoveratrines A, B
Antihypertensives
Veratrum album (white false hellebore)
Pseudoephredrine
Sympathomimetic
Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang)
nor-pseudoephedrine
Sympathomimetic
Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang)
Quinidine
Antiarrhythmic
Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree)
Quinine
Antimalarial, antipyretic
Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree)
Qulsqualic acid
Anthelmintic
Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper, drunken
sailor)
Rescinnamine
Antihypertensive, tranquilizer
Rauvolfia serpentina
Reserpine
Antihypertensive, tranquilizer
Rauvolfia serpentina
Rhomitoxin
Antihypertensive, tranquilizer
Rhododendron molle (rhododendron)
Rorifone
Antitussive
Rorippa indica
Rotenone
Piscicide, Insecticide
Lonchocarpus nicou
Rotundine
Analagesic, sedative, traquilizer
Stephania sinica
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine (Cont.)
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant Source
Sanguinarine
Dental plaque inhibitor
Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
Santonin
Ascaricide
Artemisia maritma (wormwood)
Scillarin A
Cardiotonic
Urginea maritima (squill)
Scopolamine
Sedative
Datura species (e.g., Jimsonweed)
Sennosides A, B
Laxative
Cassia species (cinnamon)
Silymarin
Antihepatotoxic
Silybum marianum (milk thistle)
Sparteine
Oxytocic
Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom)
Stevioside
Sweetener
Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Strychnine
CNS stimulant
Strychnos nux-vomica (poison nut tree)
Taxol
Antitumor agent
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)
Teniposide
Antitumor agent
Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple or
mandrake)
a-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Antiemetic, decreases occular tension
Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
Tetrahydropalmatine
Analgesic, sedative, tranquilizer
Corydalis ambigua
Ethnopharmacology to modern medicine (Cont.)
Drug/Chemical
Action
Plant source
Trichosanthin
Abortifacient
Trichosanthes kirilowii (snake gourd)
Tubocurarine
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Chondodendron tomentosum (curare vine)
Valapotriates
Sedative
Valeriana officinalis (valerian)
Vasicine
Cerebral stimulant
Vinca minor (periwinkle)
Vinblastine
Antitumor, Antileukemic agent
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar
periwinkle)
Vincristine
Antitumor, Antileukemic agent
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar
periwinkle)
Yohimbine
Aphrodisiac
Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe)
Yuanhuacine
Abortifacient
Daphne genkwa (lilac)
Yuanhuadine
Abortifacient
Daphne genkwa (lilac)
Antimalarial plants in South Coast, Kenya
 Nguta et al., Journal of ethnopharmacology 2010a,
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128: 424-432
Malaria is the most difficult problem afflicting people in
the tropics
In Africa, more than 100 million people are infected
annually, with a mortality of 1-1.5m a year
Currently the drug of choice is artemesinin and its
derivatives
High rate of resistance development to drugs by the
parasite makes the necessity for research in new
antimalarial drugs
One possible solution is to carry out research on to the
traditionally used herbal remedies
STUDY AREA
Msambweni district
Conducting an interview
Herbal Clinic
Objective of the study
 To establish an inventory of plants and
formulations used to manage Malaria in
Msambweni community
The study
 How do they identify malaria?
 Which plants do they use to manage malaria?
 Which is the most preferred plant?
 Which part of plant do they use?
 How is it formulated
 Which is the route of administration?
 Are the plants readily available?
 Are the plants used safe?
How the Study was done
 Semistructured questionnaires and interviews
 Focused group discussion
 Botanical identification of the collected plants by a
taxonomist
 Information gathered included
plant species
 parts used
 plant habit
 method of preparation
 dosage
 vernacular names

Ethnodiagnosis
 The most frequently mentioned symptoms
fever
joint
pains
vomiting
tiredness
Loss of appetite
headache
Commonly used plants
 27 species in 24 genera distributed in 20 families were
documented.
 13 species were reported for the first time
 The most commonly used species were
 Azadirachta indica (L) Burm. (95%)
 Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Eng) Engl. (25%)
 Aloe deserti Berger. (25%)
 Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. (15%)
 Ricinus communis L.(10%)
Habit of the species used in treatment of malaria
Shrub
4%
22%
41%
33%
Herb
Tree
Liana
Part of the species used in treatment of malaria.
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Column2
Column1
Percentage frequency
Percentage
frequency
Conclusion
 The commonly used plants were Azadirachta indica (L)
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Burm, Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Eng) Engl and Aloe
deserti Berger.
13 plant species are documented for the first time for
the treatment of malaria
Some species documented in this study have been
widely used as antimalarials in other continents e.g
Ricinus communis, Lantana camara
The leaves were the most commonly used part
Roots were the second most commonly used plant partand this calls for conservation and good harvesting
practices
Way forward
 Toxicological screening of crude
extracts as used by the south coast
community
Acknowledgements
 The Carnegie
Corporation of New
York
 Nairobi Node-RISEAFNNET)
 The community of
Msambweni district
 University of Nairobi
COLLABORATORS:
 KIAMA GITAHI
 JAMES MBARIA
 DANIEL GAKUYA
 PETER GATHUMBI
THANK YOU FOR ACTIVE PARTICIPATION