Transcript Document

New Drugs
The Good,
The Bad,
and the Worthless
Bill Origer MD
OAFP 2015
Disclosure
• No commercial financial support
• After the talk, you will understand why
[email protected]
541-768-4558
Disclaimers
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Not a comprehensive study of diseases
All is based on high quality published research
References & boring details available
Prices are approximate & may vary
New information is continuous, anything could
change, and I could be wrong
How did I get into this??
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Private practice Albany, OR 1977 - 1996
Variety of administrative jobs since then
Been doing drugs with the state since 2006
Oregon Health Resources Commission 2006-11,
– Chair, Pharmaceutical Subcommittee ‘08-11
– Oregon Preferred Drug List Committee 2010
• Oregon P & T Committee, Chair, 2012-15
• My credibility in this world is the strength of
evidence
Another disclaimer
• Research applies to populations
• Physicians treat individuals
• Medicine has thousands of unique &
unusual people and situations
• Do the right thing for each patient
• There are times when a 4th or 5th choice is
the best option for that patient
Using this in Health Care Reform
• Lowers cost – avoid overpriced brands
• Using evidence to improve outcomes
• Avoid things that do not work
New evidence on old stuff
Same efficacy & toxicity
within category
May be differences in side effects, dosing, duration of action, price
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Alzheimer’s drugs
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
ADHD stimulant drugs
Inhaled steroids for asthma
Inhaled nasal steroids
β agonists for asthma
α blockers for PBH
5 α-reductase inhibitors- BPH
Estrogens for menopause
Oral contraceptives
Muscle relaxants
NSAIDS
• Benzodiazepine receptor
agonist sedatives
• Opioids for long term use
• H2 blockers
• PPIs
• Statins (adjusted for potency)
• Triptans for migraine
• Anticholinergics & others for
overactive bladder
• DPE-5 inhibitors for erectile
dysfunction
• 2nd generation
antidepressants
Nicotine Replacement –
8 weeks. Period
• Duration of nicotine replacement therapy–8
weeks same as 24 or 52 weeks.
• Only good end-point: continuous cessation at 1 yr.
• Cluttered with lots of meaningless secondary &
post-hoc end points. Who cares if the time to
relapse was a few days different from one
treatment to another?
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JAMA Internal Medicine online 2/23/2015
Long Term Opiates
Evidence of Safety &
Effectiveness
This page is intentionally blank
Long term Opiates
No Data Proving Benefit
There are no studies of
opioid vs placebo or non-opioid therapy
lasting > one year on outcomes related to
pain, function, or quality of life.
Most randomized studies <6 weeks
Annals of IM online 1/13/2015
Long Term Opiates
Adverse Effects
Increased risk of
Death – 16,235 opioid OD deaths US 2013
Overdose, more w higher doses
Fractures
MI, especially with high doses
Rx for testosterone & erectile dysfunction
Motor vehicle accidents
Addiction & diversion
CDC mortality data 2015; Annals of IM online 1/13/2015
Comparison
No evidence of risk or efficacy difference
among products
Minimal difference in efficacy, no difference
in adverse effects between short acting
narcotics given on schedule and timed
release products
Oregon P & T Committee evaluation March 2014
Lunesta - FDA warning
• The moth* bites back – FDA warning on Lunesta.
Eszoplicone is a benzodiazepine receptor agonist with a long
half-life - a good reason not to use it.
• 3mg dose can cause impairment of driving, memory, and coordination for up to 11 hours.
• FDA warning - starting dose 1 mg for both men & women.
*The Lunesta advertisement “butterfly” is a nocturnal moth Actias luna
native to the eastern US. The adult lives 10 days, does not eat, mates, & dies.
It’s a good mascot for a drug
that should only be used short term.
• The Medical Letter 6/9/2014
Tamiflu & Influenza
• Neuraminidase inhibitors do little for influenza Early studies
(1999) showed minor benefit – reducing recovery time by a day.
• Roche and GSK suppressed publication of company research
• 4½ year legal battle, the Cochrane Collaboration and BMJ obtained
160,000 pages of documents. The results? Same as in 1999.
• Oseltamivir reduced duration by 19 hours in adults, 29 hours in kids.
• Zanamivir reduced duration by 14.4 hours in adults, none in kids.
• No reduction in sinusitis, pneumonia, hospitalization, or death by either
• Modest effect if used for prevention, NNT 30-50.
• Contradicts recommendations from the CDC, WHO, American Academy
of Pediatrics and others who should have known better.
• >$7 billion worldwide since 2003 stockpiling this stuff, shelf-life 5-7 yrs.
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The Medical Letter 10/8/1999; CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases 10/1999; BMJ
4/12/2014
Tramadol –why it does not
always work
• It seemed like such a good idea….
• Parent molecule is SNRI, similar to
venlafaxine, not a narcotic, and
• Metabolized by CYP2D6 into
desmethyltramadol, which binds to μ
opioid receptors, but…
Tramadol
• Expression of 2YP2D6 is highly variable
• 7% of Caucasians have no CYP2D6
• 10% of Italians, Portuguese, and Greeks, and ⅓ of
Arabians are ultra-rapid metabolizers & produce
a high level of the drug
• Drugs inhibiting CYP2D6 will prevent formation
of the active metabolite: fluoxetine, paroxetine,
sertraline, bupropion, duloxetine, and cimetidine
• JAMA Internal Medicine 12/8/2014
Dabigitran (Pradaxa)
Unsafe at any speed
Dabigitran (Pradaxa)
• Poor absorption 3-7%
• Two-step activation, hydrolysis, then
glucuronide formation.
• Major accumulation with declining renal
function.
• Small changes in any one of these variables can
cause 500% fluctuation in serum levels on the
same dose.
• BMJ 7/26/2014
Dabigitran (Pradaxa)
Fluctuating serum levels can produce over
or under anticoagulation.
Data from the manufacturer - optimal
serum level between 40 - 200 ng/mL
No commercially available test.
This contradicts the advertising hype that
promised no testing.
JAMA 3/10/2015
Dabigitran (Pradaxa)
Rivaroxiban (Xarelto)
similar – wide variations in plasma
concentrations
Apixaban (Eliquis) has not had this problem
JAMA 3/10/2015
Lipid Guidelines
• Lipid guidelines overestimate cardiac risk.
• Harvard researchers applied the risk to a known
population, 27,542 women aged 45-79 from the
Women’s Health Study
• Lipid measurements, + 10 years of FU for cardiac events
• The calculator overestimates CV risk by at least 50%.
• Editorial criticized the American College of Cardiology
and the American Heart Association and recommends
prompt revision of the guidelines to conform to
published evidence.
• JAMA IM 12/2014
Antiepileptic Drugs
for Neuropathic Pain
• Small benefit at best. Ten Cochrane reviews of 91
randomized double-blind studies of 17,955 ambulatory adults
with neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia
• Only gabapentin & pregabalin showed reduced pain w diabetic
or postherpetic neuropathy. Small benefit: 7-25% of patients
had pain reduction of ≥50%
• Pregabalin alone helped fibromyalgia, small benefit: 7-11% of
patients had a 50% reduction in pain.
• No benefit or poor quality studies: clonazepam, phenytoin,
carbamazepine, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and
lacosamide.
• Side effects: 30% of patients withdrew by 12 weeks. Adverse
effects in 80% of patients, usually dizziness and somnolence.
• JAMA 7/9/2014
The Good
This week in 1952
• Measles declining, 29,518 cases this week, season total 439,297
• Polio at its lowest, 74 cases this week, seasonal total 28,692;
this time last year 33,393
• Anthrax: 4 human and 327 animal cases this week
• Four botulism deaths: 2 each in Oregon & California
• Rabies: 191 animal cases, one human death in Tennessee
• Scarlet fever: 2,916 cases, 82 cases in a hospital in Massachusetts
• Malaria: 41 cases in 20 states.
• Typhoid: 28 cases in 16 states.
• Meningococcal infections: 107
• Brucellosis & encephalitis: 27 each
• Tularemia: 18; trichinosis: 5
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MMWR 4/19/1952
Good - OTC Nasal Steroids
• Triamcinolone acetonide (Nasacort Allergy
24HR)
• Fluticasone propionate (Flonase Allergy Relief)
• Same as Rx Drugs, but only $12/bottle
• Rx brand names discontinued; still are Rx
generics
• The Medical Letter 3/30/2015
Generic celecoxib (Celebrex)
• 2 generic brands of celecoxib – Teva & Mylan
• Price still >$2/pill for 200 mg, >$3/pill for
400 mg
• But who cares, since it is no better or safer
than other NSAIDs
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BMJ 6/1/2002; FDA Bulletin 5/30/2014; GoodRx.com 3/31/2015
MRSA - IV, Inpatient
Skin infections only
Glycopeptides
• Vancomycin
$115
• Dalbavancin – Dalvance
$2980
• Oritavancin– Orbactiv
$2900
• Telavancin– Vibativ
$2163
Oxazolidinones
• Linezolid – Zyvox
$2789
• Tedizolid phosphate – Sivextro $1410
Others
• Ceftaroline fosamil – Teflaro
$1260
• Daptomycin – Cubicin
$2478
7 days
Single dose
Single dose
7 days
10 days
6 days
5 days
7 days
The Medical Letter 1/5/2015 – cost for shortest recommend treatment
Hepatitis C The Good
• Much better drugs
– High efficacy >90%
– Low toxicity/side effects < 5%
• Off the chart prices, so must select those
most likely to benefit
• Treating all DMAP open card Hep C
patients would double entire drug budget
• Only 5-20% will develop cirrhosis over 20
years
Hepatitis C Priority - Oregon
Health Plan Open Card
• Stage 3 and 4 fibrosis without decompensated cirrhosis
• Those receiving an organ transplant
• Patients with extrahepatic manifestations, including:
Type 2 or 3 cryoglobulinemia with end‐organ
manifestations (vasculitis)
Proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, or
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
• Patients prescribed medication by or in consultation with a
hepatologist or gastroenterologist with experience in
Hepatitis C.
Oregon P & T Committee 3/26/2015
Hepatitis C Drugs
• Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir)
– Genotype 1
• Sovaldi (sofosbuvir)
– Genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4
• Viekira Pak (ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and
ritonavir tablets; dasabuvir tablets)
– Genotype 1
• Cost variable- $50,000 - $120,000
Naloxone Auto-injector
• Brand Evzio, kit for patient use in narcotic
OD. Two prefilled auto-injector syringes
containing 0.4 mg naloxone
• About $250, similar to Epi-pen, another
cheap drug in an expensive package.
• Cheaper, but off-label: 0.4mg of injectable
naloxone (about $20) used intranasally.
• The Medical Letter 6/9/2014
Placebo for cough in infants &
toddlers
• Placebo works for cough in infants and toddlers
• Randomized controlled blinded study of nonspecific
cough in 125 children ages 2-47 months.
• Agave nectar cough syrup compared to placebo & no
treatment. Agave - sweet taste & consistency similar to
honey.
• Endpoints: parent questionnaires rating the severity,
frequency, and bothersomeness of cough, congestion,
and rhinorrhea, quality of sleep of child and parent, and
a combined score of effectiveness.
• Placebo and agave nectar- same improvement, all
scores: 1.5- 3 out of 7 points.
• Both better than no treatment.
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JAMA Pediatrics October 2014
Metoprolol = carvedilol
• Metoprolol is equal to carvedilol in
preventing mortality in CHF patients.
• Danish retrospective review. Heart Failure
Registry of 11,664 CHF patients
• Mean age 69.3 years, 71% male. Average
follow-up 2.5 years. All had an EF <40%.
• Outcomes: all-cause mortality and CV
mortality.
• Mortality 18% for both groups.
• Study limits: retrospective not randomized.
JAMA IM 8/2014
The Bad
Alzheimer’s Rip-offs
• Aricept 23 mg same modest efficiency, but more side
effects $475/mo. Generic $12/mo
• Forest Labs planned to discontinue Namenda 5 & 10 mg
& force switch to Namenda XR 7-14-21-28 mg
• Patent on 5 & 10 mg expires in Oct 2015
• Switch stopped by court order
• Memantine hydrochloride extended-release + donepezil
hydrochloride (Namzaric) approved, not marketed.
Worthless combination.
• Oregon P & T Committee, August 2014; FDA news Drug Daily
Bulletin
Diabetes
• (SGLT2) inhibitors Induce renal glycosuria
• Osmotic diuresis, dehydration, weight loss, renal
failure, and hyperkalemia.
• Genital mycotic infections
– ♀7.6% RR 527%. ♂, 2.7% vs 900%.
• Dapagliflozin (Farxiga) empagliflozin
(Jardiance) dapagliflozin + metformin
hydrochloride (Xigduo XR) & other combinations
• BAD IDEA
• Oregon P & T Committee 3/2015
Suvorexant (Belsomra) for
Insomnia - Bad Idea
• New category orexin receptor agonist
• Orexin neurons in lateral hypothalamus
– Active during wakefulness & silent during sleep
– Loss of orexin neurons in narcolepsy (cataplexy &
hypnogogic hallucinations)
• Drugs block orexin neuropeptides from
binding to receptors
• Doses: 5,10,15,20 mg, $10/pill
• Time to T MAX 1-2 hrs fasting, 3 hrs fed
• Long half life - 12 hrs
Suvorexant (Belsomra)
Efficacy: dose related, lower value for 10 mg
Sleep onset: 2-20 minutes < placebo
Sleep duration: 15-40 min > placebo
Adverse effects:
Somnolence/daytime sleepiness 13-20%
Narcolepsy sx: (0.013-0.018) 26-36x expected rate
Slow onset, long half-life, and might induce narcolepsy
Seems like a bad idea
The Medical Letter 2/2/2015; Lancet Neurology 5/2014;
Biologic Psychiatry 10/23/2014
The Worthless
Particularly Worthless
• Droxidopa (Northera) for orthostatic
hypotension
• No study showed efficacy beyond 2 weeks of
treatment
• 100-600 mg tid
• $1,000 - $8,800 monthly cost
• Oregon P & T Committee; GoodRx
Still Worthless Ω- 3
• Omega-3-carboxylic acids (Epanova)
• EFFICACY —No convincing evidence that
fish oil supplements either prevent
cardiovascular disease or improve
outcomes in patients who already have it.
• Medical Letter Treatment Guidelines Jan
2014
Niacin Bombs Out
• ASCVD prevention– increased risk no benefit.
26,673 adults with vascular disease - niacin vs placebo
added to statin.
• Primary endpoint: 1st CV event- nonfatal MI, coronary
death, stroke, or revascularization
• Men and women ages 50-80, previous MI, stroke,
peripheral artery disease, or diabetes with evidence of
coronary artery disease.
• No benefit in preventing CV events
• Increased the rate of diabetes, poor diabetic control,
infections, serious bleeding, plus GI, musculoskeletal,
& skin side effects.
• NEJM 6/17/2014
Long-acting Injectable
Paliperidone
• Injectable paliperidone (Invega Sustenna) vs haloperidol inj.
• 311 adult patients with schizophrenia. Median FU 466 days.
• Primary end point: efficacy failure, psychiatric hospitalization,
crisis requiring stabilization, or increase in outpatient visits.
• Failure rates similar 32-34%
• Secondary outcomes: adverse medication events
• No differences in involuntary movements, tardive dyskinesia, or
Parkinson’s symptoms. Haloperidol patients - more motor
restlessness (akathisia.)
• Paliperidone pts ↑ 6.04 kg @ 24 months, haloperidol pts ↓ 3.88 kg.
• Paliperidone $859/month, haloperidol $32.
• JAMA 5/21/2014, The Medical Letter Treatment Guidelines 6/2013
High-dose Flu Vaccine
Tiny Benefit
• After age 65, the immune system declines. In theory, a
higher dose flu vaccine might work better
• 31,989 patients mean age of 73 were randomized to receive
either a standard flu vaccination or a high-dose vaccination
• Endpoint: laboratory confirmed influenza
• Rates: 1.9% with standard vaccine, 1.4% with high-dose
vaccine
• Absolute risk reduction 0.5%. NNT 200
• Complications such as pneumonia were rare but same in
both populations
• Bottom line: 199 out of 200 elderly people will not benefit
from the high-dose vaccine
NEJM 8/14/2014
Luliconazole cream
(Luzu) for tinea
• Overpriced worthless new drug:
luliconazole cream (Luzu) for tinea. 3
double blind studies, cure rates of 21-27%.
• Cost $380 for 2 weeks
• Older OTC drugs such as clotrimazole,
miconazole, & terbinafine, cure rates of 4060% and cost < $10.
• Who buys this stuff?
• The Medical Letter 6/23/2014; Journal Family Practice 1/2002
Worthless - Tavaborole 5%
(Kerydin)
• Topical for onychomycosis $491.20 for 4 cc
($3,481/oz.) Once/day 48 weeks
• Complete cure(clinical & mycological) 6.5-9.1%
• And the spin: a novel endpoint
“Almost complete” cure 15.3-17.9%
• The Medical Letter 3/2/2015
• Suggests other endpoints: almost non-fatal MI,
almost successful CPR…
Me-too
• Avanafil (Stendra) another PDE-5 inhibitor for ED
• Esomeprazole strontium (Anneal) The 9th PPI
– generic $60/mo; brand at $200/mo. Why?
– OTC Prilosec & Prevacid $18/mo.
• Indomethacin (Tivorbex) 20 & 40 mg
– high rate of GI side effects.
– “There is no good reason to use indomethacin in any
dosage for treatment of mild to moderate pain.”
• Finafloxacin otic suspension 0.3% (Xtoro)
• Fluticasone furoate inhalation powder (Arnuity
Ellipta) similar price to Flovent
• The Medical Letter 5/12/2014, 7/21/2014
Me-too, Diabetes
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GLP-1 agonists
Albiglutide (Tanzeum) weekly inj $326/mo
Dulaglutide (Trulicity) weekly inj $488/mo
Liraglutide (Saxenda) – also approved for
“chronic weight management” not available
yet, recycled Victoza (daily inj)
Brimonidine gel (Mirvaso)
for Rosacea
Topical -2 adrenergic blocker
Topical vasoconstrictor
Temporarily reduces redness
No effect on pustules or pathology of
disease
• About $300 for 30 grams
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• The Medical Letter 10/14/2013
Inhaled Insulin (Afrezza)
Microspheres of carrier, rapidly absorbed in the lungs
Only regular insulin, no long-acting formulation
2 sizes, 4 or 8 units. Multiple inhalations for larger doses
Reduced A1C by half compared to insulin aspart (NovoLog)
(0.2% versus 0.4%.) Patients with good control (A1C <7%) also
half (13.8% versus 27.1%.)
• 25% of patients w cough, reduces FEV1 in normal patients 40
cc, significance unknown. Contraindicated with asthma,
COPD, & other lung conditions. Long-term safety & efficacy
unknown
• Cost: 2-5X NovoLog. Save your breath.
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Clinical Therapeutics 8/2014; Afrezza package insert; Price: Goodrx.com
2/27/2015
Roflumilast (Daliresp)
• Oral drug added to long-acting beta agonists and inhaled steroids
to prevent COPD flares.
• Mechanism of action is similar to theophylline.
• Reduced exacerbations by 13.2% vs placebo. Defined as an episode
requiring steroids, hospital admission, or was fatal.
• 1 yr study, placebo patients had 0.927 exacerbations/yr vs
0.805/yr w drug. Prevents 0.122 exacerbations/yr. IE prevents 1
exacerbation over 8.19 years.
• Reduces hospitalizations by 0.075 exacerbations/yr vs placebo.
13.15 yrs to prevent 1 hospitalization, if the patient lived that long.
• Cost about $300/mo. $29,484 to prevent one exacerbation;
$48,000 to prevent one hospitalization.
• 67% of patients receiving roflumilast w adverse drug effect.
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Lancet online 2/13/2015
Vytorin
10mg ezetimibe + 40mg simvastatin
• IMPROVE-IT study 18,144 high risk patients w acute STEMI,
NSTEMI, or unstable angina w previous MI, previous CABG, or diabetes.
• Randomized to simvastatin 40 mg or Vytorin daily. Add-on, not a
substitute for statins.
• Endpoints: composite of CV death, nonfatal MI or stroke, hospitalization
for unstable angina, or coronary revascularization. Duration 7 years
• Absolute risk reduction was 2%, from 34.7% to 32.7%. NNT 50 to
prevent one event over 7 years.
• Vytorin is $210 per month, $2,520 per year. High-dose atorvastatin 40
or 80 mg is $17 per month, $204 per year.
Hype warning: Full data not published. Small benefit to a narrow
population. Remain skeptical.
AHA Scientific Sessions, 11/19/2014. Prices: good Rx.com
Intra-articular Hyaluronic
Acid –wide use, little benefit
• Meta-analysis, Archives IM 2012 - minimal clinical benefit
• American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 2013 Practice
Guideline: “We cannot recommend using hyaluronic acid
for patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee.”
• 2012 Medicare Part B paid for 1,161,924 intra-articular
hyaluronic acid injections. Mean rate 39 injections /1000
• Half the national rate in the Portland area
• 10% below the national rate in Bend & Eastern Oregon
• 10% above the national rate in Eugene, Albany, & Corvallis
• 2-3 times the national rate in Salem area
JAMA Internal Medicine 8/25/2014
Vitamin D
USPSTF recommends against
screening for vitamin D deficiency
Current evidence is insufficient to
demonstrate benefit (or harm) of screening
for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic
adults.
• Annals of IM 11/25/2014
And finally…..
The Strange
Contrave - Diet Pill,
A Strange Combination
• Do believe in magic? Another diet pill So far no pill for
weight loss is both safe and effective long-term.,
• Contrave, combines opioid antagonist naltrexone with the
antidepressant bupropion.
• Weight loss of 3-5% more than placebo at 1 yr. No longer studies.
• Most previous drugs lost effectiveness 2nd year.
• Side effects: ⅓ of patients had nausea. Also, headache, constipation,
dizziness, and dry mouth.
• Interacts with inhibitors of CYP2B6, such as antidepressants,
antipsychotics, beta blockers, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel.
• Naltrexone can be used only by the portion of population not on
Vicodin.
• The Medical Letter 11/10/2014
Strange FDA Approval
• Peramivir (Rapivab): IV drug for influenza
• Neuraminidase inhibitor, similar to oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
• FDA approved only for treatment of uncomplicated
influenza
• Not approved for use in hospitalized or critically ill
patients
• Did not significantly reduce the time to clinical resolution
in hospitalized patients
• 600 mg IV once $950.00
• Why??
• The Medical Letter Feb 2, 2015
Zecuity Sumatriptan
Battery Powered Patch
• “Coming soon” since
2001
• Efficacy same as oral
Zecuity
Adasuve, inhaled loxapine
for acute agitation
Adasuve, inhaled loxapine for
acute agitation in
schizophrenia & bipolar
• 1st generation antipsychotic from 1975
• Generic tabs, about $1.50, rarely used
• Single use $140 device. Vaporizes 10 mg of
the drug, inhaled, absorbed via lungs
• Downside: bronchospasm and respiratory
distress, especially in patients with asthma
or COPD.
Adasuve
A special safety program is required.
(I did not make this up, honest!)
1) Ask the patient if he/she has asthma or COPD or is
taking a medication for either, and/or check records
2) Examine for respiratory abnormalities
3) Open Adasuve foil packet & remove inhaler
4) Pull tab to activate. A green light will go on when it is
ready. Administer in 15 minutes, or the battery dies
5)If the light goes out, it will not work, so open another
Adasuve
6) Patient exhales fully to empty the lungs
7) Patient inhales a steady breath through the
mouthpiece
8) After full inhalation, patient holds breath 10
seconds.
9) If inhalation successful, green light goes out. It the
light is still on, repeat with same inhaler.
10) Monitor, including chest auscultation every 15
minutes for one hour.
11) If bronchospasm occurs, treat with short acting beta
agonist.
May administer once in 24 hours
Adasuve
How to do this with an acutely agitated
psychotic patient is not explained
Simpler alternative: injectable Haldol,
$1.90/dose.
• Adasuve package insert & website; The Medical Letter
4/14/2014, price: Goodrx.com.
Vitamin D does not reduce the
adverse impact of earthquakes on
healthy adults.
• Vitamin D is purported to benefit mental health.
• A series of earthquakes started 9/4/2010 in Christchurch,
NZ lasting months, widespread destruction, no fatalities.
• The VIDARIS study of vitamin D and respiratory
infections was underway in Christchurch at the time
• 322 healthy adults were randomized to high-dose Vit D or
placebo for 18 months from Feb 2010 - Nov 2011
• 308 participants completed an earthquake impact
questionnaire about psychological after effects, comparing
vitamin D users to placebo users
• The incidence of fatigue, stress, anxiety, and insomnia did
not differ between the vitamin D and placebo groups.
BMJ 12/15/2014