Transcript Slide 1

Genetic Diversity in Medicinal
& Aromatic Plants & their
Conservation in India
P. Pushpangadan
National Botanical research Institute
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)
Lucknow 226 001
Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is taken in its holistic
sense, to encompass all levels of
biodiversity, ecological and
evolutionary process, including:
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Natural ecosystems
Wild species & varieties
Agricultural ecosystems
Domesticated species & varieties
Genetic Diversity
(Intra-specific variability)
Natural ecosystems maintain a vast “Genetic
Library” which serves as the very basis of human
civilization & promises very many untold future
benefits.
Inter-population genetic variation enhances
chances of species survival.
Different populations of the same species may
produce different defensive chemicals, key
medicinal resources for humanity (e.g.) chemical
polymorphism in tropical medicinal and aromatic
plants.
INDIA’S STRENGTH
• Almost all known types of agroclimatic &
edaphic conditions are found in India –
526 Biomes
• From the coldest Nubra valley with –57
to 59oC, dry cold of Ladakh, temperate
and alpine region of Kashmir Himalaya,
highest rainfall in the world – Meghalaya,
to the Desert habitats of Rajasthan
Habitat diversity in India
10 Vegetation Zones
25 biotic provenances
426 Biomes
Ecological Units like:
Alpine
Temperate
Sub-temperate
Sub tropical
Tropical evergreen
Tropical deciduous
Desert
Arid, semi arid
Coastal, swamps, Riverine
Islands
FACTS ON BIODIVERSITY &
MEDICINAL PLANTS
• Biodiversity of today is the product of 3500
million years of life on Earth with 30-100
Million species of life today
• It includes:
– 2,50,000 higher plants – out of which
1,86,000 are in TROPICS
– Over 75,000 higher plants are used by
different cultures for medicinal purpose
– Over 15,000 higher plants species are used in
Asia
• About 7,000 in China & About 8,000 India
Facts continued
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1700 in classical Indian systems of medicine –
Ayurveda
1200
Siddha
900
Unani
700
Amchi
600
Tibetan
450
Tribal medicine
8000
– (including medicinal plants used in ASUAT – out of
these only 3500 are known/scientifically investigated).
Siddha (600 spp.)
Ayurveda (700 spp.)
Unani
(700 spp.)
Amchi
(600 spp.)
INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN DIFFERENT SYSTEM
1.
TOTAL
4.
OTHERS
3.
5. FIBRE
EDIBLE
6. PEST.
7. GUMS, RESINS,
2.
DYES
8. AROMATICS
MEDICINAL
• TOTAL - (10,000)
• MEDICINAL - (8,000)
• EDIBLE USE - (3,500)
• OTHERS - (1,000)
• FIBRE - (550)
• PESTICIDES - (325)
• GUM, RESIN & DYES - (425)
• AROMATICS (500)
Bio-prospecting
BIOPROSPECTING is the systematic
search for genes, natural compounds,
designs and whole organisms in wild life
with a potential for product development
by biological observation, and biophysical,
biochemical and genetic methods without
disruption to nature.
• Nicolas Mateo et al., 2001
Bio-prospecting
• Gene
• Drug
• Nutraceuticals
India
• India can therefore play a leading
role in Gene hunting and drug
hunting, which is going to be the
most lucrative business in the
world now.
The untapped
biowealth
of
India
can
be
converted into economic wealth by
S & T intervention
IPR issues / Benefit Sharing Strategies
• Appropriate Procedures for IPR
Protection & Benefit Sharing
– Article 8(j) {BD}
– National Biological Diversity Bill (2002)
– Patent (II) Amendment Bill (1999)
– Plant Variety Protection and Plant
Breeders & Farmers & Rights Act 2001
IPR issues / Benefit Sharing Strategies
• Documentation & Registration of TKMedicinal plant Use & Conservation at
local, state and national level.
• Contribution to TKDL & TKRC
• Value addition to TK & Indigenous
Medicinal Plants – Scaling up IPRS
– Herbal drugs, Pharmaceuticals, Natural
products & byproducts, Nutraceuticals,
Functional foods, Medicinal foods, etc.
Characterization & Documentation of Important
Endemic Plants
Identification, authentication, characterization,
evaluation & documentation of wild plants.
Characterization include: Morphological,
cytological, chemical & molecular levels
DNA profiling of rare, endangered and
endemics development of species/genotypes
specific molecular markers.
Identification, authentication, characterization,
evaluation & documentation of wild plants
Characterization & Documentation contd.
Identification of potential genotypes and
chemotypes for gene & drug prospecting
Isolation of genes and DNA sequences
disease resistant genes or products of
economic interest
Cloning of potential genes
Economic valuation of genes and species
Threatened species
• Country
Threatened species
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16000
16108
15638
32200
India
USA
Australia
China
7.7 %
29 %
14.4%
1%
* This include over 1000 Medicinal & Aromatic plants
1236 *
4669
2245
312
Conservation of Medicinal &
Aromatic Plants:
Strategies & Priorities
• Conservation strategy (IUCW, UNEP & WWF,
1980) defines conservation as “the management
of human use of the biodiversity so that it may
yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present
generation while maintaining its potential to
meet the needs and aspirations of future
generations”.
• The above definition invokes two
complementary components “conservation” and
“sustainability”.
Strategies & Priorities
The primary goals of biodiversity
conservation as envisaged in the World
Conservation Strategy can be summarized
as follows:
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Maintenance of essential ecological processes and
life support systems on which human survival and
economic activities depends.
Preservation of species and genetic diversity and
Sustainable use of species and ecosystems which
support millions of rural communities as well as
major industries.
Strategies & Priorities
Medicinal & Aromatic plants are potential
renewable natural resources. Therefore, the
conservation and sustainable utilization of these
plans must necessarily involve a long term,
integrated, scientifically oriented action
programme. This should involve the pertinent
aspects of protection, preservation, maintenance
exploitation, conservation and sustainable
utilization. A holistic or systematic approach
envisaging interaction between social, economic
and ecological systems will be a more desirable
one.
Conservation of medicinal plants: Strategies
• In-situ
– Enhance “in-situ” Gene bank / Gene
sanction, Biosphere reserves, national
parks, Sacred sites, Sacred grooves etc.
• Scientific management &
monitoring of protected &
important habitats rich in medicinal
plants
• Special recovery & rehabilitation
programs for RET medicinal plants
• Ex-situ conservation
– Conservation of RET plants outside
their natural habitat e.g. in Botanical
gardens; Seed Banks; Tissue,
Pollen, Embryo, Ovary cultures;
DNA Banks, Field Gene banks, Cry
Banks etc.
Standardization of herbal
drugs (formulations)
STANDARADIZATION OF RAW DRUGS
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Passport data of Raw Plant Drugs (Crude Drugs)
a) Correct taxonomic identification &
authentication
b) Study on the medicinal part: root, stem, bark,
leaves, flowers, fruits, nuts, gum, resins etc.
c) Collection details: Location, stage &
development / growth of the plants, time, preprocessing, storage etc.
d) Organoleptic examination of raw drug:
- Evaluation by means of sensory organs: touch,
odour, taste
e) Microscopic & molecular examination
f) Chemical composition (TLC, GLC, HPLC, DNA
fingerprinting)
g) Biological activity of the Whole plant
h) Shelf life of raw drugs
PREPARATION OF FORMULATIONS
• Follow defined Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMP)
• Scientific Verification
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Toxicity evaluation
Chemical profiling
Pharmacodynamics – effect of drug in the body
Pharmacokinetics – absorption, distribution,
metabolism, mechanism of action and execution.
Dosage
Stability and shelf life
Presentation and Packing
Therapeutic merits – Compared with other drugs
Authentication, Taxonomic Identification
Foreign matter
Solvent residues
Organoleptic evaluation
Microbial count
Heavy metal residues
Pesticide residues
Physicochemical Values
1.
Ash
2.
Tannin, Starch etc.
STANDARDIZATION
OF
PLANT DRUGS
Macroscopy & Histology
(Quantitative Microscopy)
Radioactive contaminants
Volatile matter
determination
Mycotoxin residues
Chromatographic profiles
TLC, HPTLC, HPLC &
GLC
Absence of phytotoxins
Assay of Bioactive and
marker compounds
Successive Extractive
Values
R & D WORK ON MEDICINAL
PLANTS AT NBRI
• Expertise in resource survey on distribution and
availability of medicinal plant species in natural
habitat.
• Genetic enhancement of high yielding and
quality medicinal plants by conventional and
Modern methods including biotechnological
intervention.
• Packages of practice for pre and post harvest
cultivation and agrotechniques including organic
cultivation and utilization of marginal/wasteland.
• Standardization and authentication of crude/raw
drugs and compound herbal formulations.
NBRI contd.
• Development of standard chemical
and biological profiles of herbal
formulations for ready reference to
the pharmaceutical industries and to
provide
complete
package
to
industries as per WHO guidelines.
• Assessment
of
microbiological
contamination,
determination
of
pesticide residue and heavy metals in
the finished products/crude samples.
• Development of products based
on ethnic and indigenous
knowledge.
–Nutraceuticals
–Herbal drinks
–Herbal beer
–Natural dyes
–Herbal lipstick
HERBAL LIPSTICKS
 Novel approach to Aroma therapy.
 Purely natural, functional lipstick to fashion your moods and
sensual feelings.
 Exclusively natural colours developed from various medicinal
Indian herbs, fortified with selected essential oil ingredients.
 Functional attributes-mood enhancing, antidepressant,
meditative and sensual stimulant - can be achieved by the
users.
 Would induce serious thoughts and also enhance the
creativity and appearance of the person who wears it.
 Plant used for ‘Lipstick colours’ has anti-microbial activity.
 No allergy or side effects reported so far.
HERBAL DRY COLOURS
(ECO-GULAL)
* Eco friendly herbal dry
plants.
colours developed from
* Non - toxic and non - polluting.
* Available as dust and pellets for wet colours.
* The fillers used are safe cosmetic grade skin care
products.
* Dry colours dust are with natural fragrance.
HERBAL SOFT DRINKS
An unique blend of modern Nutraceutical concept
and the wisdom & knowledge of Ayurveda.
 Are purely natural and non-toxic.
 Plants used in these drinks provide increased
vigour and vitality.
 Are Immunomodulating, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-convalescent and Diuretic.
 Useful for strengthening muscles & bones and
increase stamina.
CUSTOM MADE NUTRACEUTICAL AND
FUNCTIONAL FOOD
Development with specific attention for optimal
development of brain, growth and general
health.
 For pregnant and lactating mothers.
 For infants and growing children.
 For diabetics and old person.