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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Chapter 6: States of
Consciousness
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some Early Definitions
• Consciousness: All the sensations,
•
perceptions, memories, and feelings you are
aware of in any instant
– Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear,
organized, alertness
Altered State of Consciousness (ASC):
Changes that occur in quality and pattern of
mental activity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sleep
• Innate, biological rhythm
• Microsleep: Brief shift in brain-wave patterns
similar to those during sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Figure 6.4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sleep Problems
• Sleep Deprivation: Sleep loss; being deprived
•
•
of needed amounts of sleep
Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis: Confusion,
disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations
that occur because of sleep loss
Sleep Patterns: Daily rhythms of sleep and
waking
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Rhythms
• Circadian Rhythms: Bodily changes that
•
occur every 24 hours
Biological Rhythm: Any repeating cycle of
biological activity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Jet Lag
• Disturbed body rhythms caused by rapid
•
•
•
travel east or west
Major time shifts (5 hours or more) can cause
very slow adaptation
Direction of travel affects adaptation, and
thus, severity of jet lag
– MUCH easier to go from east to west, than
west to east
Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleepwaking cycles to a new time schedule
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Measuring Sleep Changes
• Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave
•
•
machine; amplifies and records electrical
activity in the brain
Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated
with being alert and awake
Alpha Waves: Large, slow brainwaves
associated with relaxation and falling asleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stage 1 Sleep
• Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep
(people may or may not say they were
asleep)
– Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle contraction
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stage 2 Sleep
• Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of
distinctive brain-wave activity) appear
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stage 3 Sleep
• Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear; very large
and slow
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stage 4 Sleep
• Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely
Delta waves
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Figure 6.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Two Basic Kinds of Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated
with dreaming; sleep is very light
– Body is very still during REM sleep
– Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep
is called REM Behavioral Disorder
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 5
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
• Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid
eye movement occurs
– Seems to help us recover from daily
fatigue
– EEG patterns return to Stage 1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 6
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Figure 6.8
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some Sleep Disturbances
• Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or
•
staying asleep
– Sleeping pills exacerbate insomnia; cause
decrease in REM and Stage 4 sleep and
may cause dependency
Drug-Dependency Insomnia: Sleeplessness
that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Types and Causes of Insomnia
• Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of
sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and
excitement
– Avoid fighting it and read a book, for
example, until you’re struggling to stay
awake
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some More Sleep Concerns
• Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles
•
last for more than three weeks
– Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the
same time each night, for example
Tryptophan: Amino acid (chemical) that
produces sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sleep Disturbances
• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in
•
NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4
Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs
in NREM sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some Other Sleep Disturbances
• Nightmares: Bad dreams that occur during
REM sleep
– May occur once or twice a month; brief and
easily remembered
– Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the
changed dream before you go to sleep
again; may help to eliminate nightmares
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Night Terrors
• Night Terrors: Total panic and often
hallucinations of frightening dream images
may occur
– Occurs during Stage 4 sleep
– Most common in childhood; may occur in
adults
– Not remembered
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Physiological Sleep Problems
• Sleep Apnea: Repeated interrupted breathing
during sleep; cause of very loud snoring
– Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness
– Apnea can be treated by
• Surgery
• Weight loss
• Breathing mask
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
• Sudden, unexplained death of an apparently
•
healthy infant (infants should sleep on back
or on side to try to prevent)
Also known as Crib Death
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Dreams
• Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory:
•
•
Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and
unconscious forces
Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many
dreams are expressions of unconscious
desires
– Much evidence to refute this
Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper
symbolic meaning
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
• Dream content may be affected by motor
commands in the brain during sleep that are
not carried out
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness characterized
by intensely narrowed attention and
increased openness to suggestion
– Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases
by passing magnets over body; true
“animal magnetism” (“mesmerize” means
to hypnotize)
– Must cooperate to become hypnotized
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Hypnotic Susceptibility
• How easily a person can be hypnotized
• Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of
hypnotized people to carry out suggested
actions as though they were involuntary
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Table 6.2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Hypnosis Can
• Help people relax
• Reduce pain
• Get people to make better progress in
therapy
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Hypnosis Cannot
• Produce acts of superhuman strength
• Produce age regression
• Force you to do things against your will
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stage Hypnosis
• Simulation of hypnotic effects, done to
entertain
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Tricks of the Hypnosis Trade
• Waking Suggestibility: People on stage do not
•
•
want to spoil the act, so they will follow any
instruction
Selection of Responsive Subjects: Any
“volunteer” who does not get hypnotized in the
stage group and does not follow instructions is
removed
The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits: On stage, once
you are “in a hypnotic trance,” your
responsibility for actions is removed; you can
do whatever you want!
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
More Stage Hypnosis “Tricks of the Trade”
• Hypnotist as Director: Once they are in a
•
•
trance, the “volunteers” are suddenly the
show’s stars, and they will act like it; the
hypnotist only needs to direct them
Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks: Stage hypnosis
is 50% deception and 50% taking advantage
of the situation
Conclusion: Stage hypnotists entertain; they
rarely hypnotize
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Meditation
• Mental exercise designed to focus attention
•
•
and interrupt flow of thoughts, worries, and
analyses
Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to
a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.)
– Produces relaxation response and thus
works to reduce stress
Receptive Meditation: Based on widening
attention span to become aware of everything
experienced at a given moment
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
More on Meditation
• Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated silently
•
during concentrative meditation
Relaxation Response: Occurs at time of
relaxation; innate physiological pattern that
opposes body’s fight or flight responses
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sensory Deprivation (SD)
• Any major reduction in amount or variety of
•
sensory stimulation
Benefits
– Sensory enhancement
– Relaxation
– Changing habits
– Benefits called REST: Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Figure 6.12
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Mindfulness
• Open, nonjudgmental awareness of current
experience
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness
• Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of
•
•
altering attention, judgment, memory, time
sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in
body and nervous system
Depressant: Substance that decreases
activity in body and nervous system
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Dependence
• Physical Dependence: Addiction based on
•
drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
– Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s
response to a drug
– Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness
following withdrawal of the drug
Psychological Dependence: Drug
dependence based on psychological or
emotional needs
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Figure 6.13
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Stimulants
• Amphetamine: Synthetic stimulants that
•
excite nervous system
– Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two
types of stimulants
Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with
reality because of amphetamine use; user
tends to have paranoid delusions
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Interaction of Dopamine and Amphetamines
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Cocaine
• Central Nervous System stimulant derived
from leaves of coca plant; also used as local
anesthetic
– From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did indeed
have cocaine in it!
– Highly addictive drug
– Anhedonia (Inability to Feel Pleasure):
Common after cocaine withdrawal
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Interaction of Dopamine and Cocaine
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
MDMA (Ecstasy)
• Chemically similar to amphetamine; created
by small variations in a drug’s structure
– May cause severe liver damage and fatal
heat exhaustion
– Repeated use damages serotonergic brain
cells
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Caffeine
• Most frequently used psychoactive drug in
•
North America; present in colas, chocolate,
coffee, tea
Causes tremors, sweating, talkativeness,
tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness,
increases alertness
– May be hazardous to pregnant women if
used excessively; may cause birth defects
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Caffeinism
• Physiological dependence on caffeine
– Symptoms include: Insomnia, irritability,
loss of appetite, chills, racing heart,
elevated body temperature
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Nicotine
• Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco;
•
•
•
•
known carcinogen
In large doses it causes stomach pain,
vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors
Addictive
Smoking responsible for 97% of lung cancer
deaths in men, 74% in women
Sum: DON’T SMOKE; SMOKING KILLS (SO
DOES CHEWING TOBACCO)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Understanding Addiction
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Sedatives
• Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress
brain activity
– Seconal and Amytal are two types
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Interaction of GABA and Barbiturates
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
GHB
• GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): Central
Nervous System (CNS) depressant that
relaxes and sedates; combination of
degreasing solvent and drain cleaner
– Sedative effects may result in nausea, loss
of muscle control, and either sleep or a
loss of consciousness
– Inhibits gag reflex, so some choke to death
on their own vomit
– Addictive and deadly
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Tranquilizers
• Tranquilizers: Lower anxiety and reduce
tension
– Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium are
four types
– Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers
inhibitions and produces relaxation or
intoxication; larger doses can induce shortterm amnesia and sleep
• Date rape drug because it’s odorless
and tasteless (“Roofies”)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Drug Interaction
• One drug increases the effect of another
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Alcohol
• Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in
fermented and distilled liquors
– NOT a stimulant but DOES lower
inhibitions
– Depressant
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Binge Drinking
• Consuming five or more drinks in a short
time, or four or more for women
– Serious sign of alcohol abuse
– May lead to up to 10 percent loss of brain
power, especially memory
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
How a Drinking Problem may Develop
(Jellinek, 1960)
• Initial Phase: Social drinker turns to alcohol to
•
•
relieve tension or feel good
Crucial Phase: Person begins to lose control
over drinking
Chronic Phase: Person is now alcohol
dependent
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
• Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from
alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is
tightly controlled; oftentimes necessary
before long-term treatment begins
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
• Worldwide self-help organization composed
•
of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes
admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage
and wanting to recover
– Spiritual component
– Free; around for over 70 years!
Rational Recovery, and Secular
Organizations for Sobriety (SOS): Nonspiritual AA Alternatives
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Table 6.3a
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Table 6.3b
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or
•
distorts sensory impressions
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD):
Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations
and psychotic disturbances in thinking and
perception
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some More Hallucinogens
• Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin (Magic
•
Mushrooms)
PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have
hallucinogenic effects; also an anesthetic and
has stimulant and depressant effects
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Marijuana (Pot)
• Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana; Pot): Leaves
and flowers of the hemp plant
– Active chemical: THC
– Effects: Relaxation, time distortion,
perceptual distortions
– Psychologically, NOT physiologically,
addictive
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
• Can cause precancerous changes in lung
•
•
•
cells
Can suppress immune system, increasing
risk of disease
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower
than normal in pot users
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory
centers
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Dream Interpretation
• Freud: Four dream processes (mental filters)
that hide true meanings of dreams
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Condensation
• Combining several people, objects, or events
into a single dream image
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Displacement
• Directing emotions or actions toward safe or
unimportant dream images
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Symbolization
• Non-literal expression of dream content
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Secondary Elaboration
• Making a dream more logical and adding
details while remembering it
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Perls’ Views on Dreams
• Most dreams are a special message about
•
what is missing in our lives, what we avoid
doing when awake, or feelings that we need
to re-own
Dreams fill in gaps in our personal experience
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 6
Lucid Dreaming
• Person feels fully awake within the dream
and feels capable of normal thought and
action