Transcript Thursday Lecture – Medicinal Plants

Thursday Lecture – Medicinal Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 11
Margarine – made from fats
- originally from animal fats
- white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of
butter
Advantage: Stores better than butter
Dairy Industry – fought against use of margarine
- Taxes
- Regulations against sale; against use of dyes
Wisconsin – prohibited sale of colored margarine– Repealed
1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people
would buy and mix their own coloring agent)
Quiz
Quiz
1. Name two of the four major vegetable oil crops.
2. Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine is
obtained from it and a disease it is used to treat
3. What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica
History - Highlights
2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy
Fig. 11.2, p. 263
1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants
1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas
400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”
300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens
77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia Medica
History – Highlights II
1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
History – Highlights II
1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
History – Highlights II
1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
History – Highlights II
1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”
History – Highlights II
1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived
directly from plants
1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”
2000 – Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Useful terms:
“Secondary Compound”
“Glycoside”
Steroids - Chemistry
Fig. 11.5, p. 271
Steroids - Chemistry
Fig. 11.5, p. 271
Steroids - Chemistry
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
 Diverse class of compounds
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems
 Diverse class of compounds
Fig. 11.7, p. 272
Examples of Plant Medicines
Fig. 11.12, p. 276
1900 – over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants
2001 – about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants,
but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced
structures, or start with plant materials
Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle
relaxants etc.
Chaulmoogra Oil - Hydnocarpus
Leprosy – bacterial disease, affects sensitive individuals
Chaulmoogra oil – first effective treatment
Active
ingredient –
seed oil
Now replaced
with antibiotics
Fig. 11.8, p. 273
Malaria - Cinchona
Fig. 11.9, p. 274
Malaria – caused by protozoan
Cinchona = “Jesuit’s Bark”
Cinchona - “bark of Peru”; ”yellow bark”
About 40 species - Andean area of South America
“Stolen” by British, Dutch
Native
Grown
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
Dioscorea steroids
Wild Yam – convenient source for
steroidal saponins which can be
converted into synthetic hormones
for use in contraceptives
Fig. 11.13, p. 277
Papaver Alkaloids
Fig. 11.6, p. 279
Catharanthus – poster child for
plant-derived medicines
Fig. 11.22, p. 282
Effective drugs vs. lymphomas
(Hodgkin’s disease)
New Drug Development
average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years
-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assured
Comparison:
Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and effectiveness
U.S. - "absolute proof"
-> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold as
dietary supplements in U.S.
Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
Looking for new drugs - General parameters:
1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug product
Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million
(average)
Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of
profitability
Development of Phy 906 – Phytoceutica
Herbal medicine
Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine
Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice),
ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony)
Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer
chemotherapy regimes
Initial results: not only effective against side effects, but also
appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers
Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs
International Agreements
(1) Discovery
- by pharmaceutical companies
- preceded by traditional healers
Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?
(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals
cycle:
Gene poor country, has scientific expertise
-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science
-> development of chemical by gene poor country
-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country
Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and
Poisonous Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12