Transcript CRJ270 - Chapter 13 - Western Nevada College

Criminology Today
AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER
13
Drug and Sex
Crimes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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History of Drug Abuse in the
United States
• 1800s and early 1900s
 Illegal drug use mainly associated with
artistic individual sand fringe groups
 Opium dens flourished in West coast
cities, eventually moved across the
country
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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History of Drug Abuse in the
United States
• Late 1960s and early 1970s
 Psychoactive substances accepted
during the hippie movement
 Timothy Leary – League of Spiritual
Discovery
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Extent of Drug Abuse
• National Survey on Drug Use and
Health (NSDUH) provides information
on drug use of Americans ages 12+
• NSDUH data suggests that drug use is
substantially less of a problem than it
was two decades ago
 Growth of the American population
gives the estimated decline even
greater weight
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Young People and Drugs
• Monitoring the Future (MTF) study of
drug use among junior high and high
school students
• The majority of high school seniors
report marijuana as being accessible
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Costs of Drug Abuse
• ONDCP estimates Americans spend $63
billion/year to purchase illegal drugs
• Costs
 Direct criminal justice system costs
 Indirect health care costs and lost
productivity
• Other social costs include AIDS traced
to IV drug use
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Types of Illegal Drugs
• 1970 Controlled Substances Act groups
controlled substances into 5 schedules
• Dangerous drugs
 Broad categories or classes of controlled
substances other than cocaine, opiates,
and cannabis products
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Drug Addiction
• Addiction
 a chronic brain disease characterized by
compulsive drug seeking and use
despite harmful consequences
• Stopping drug abuse is not just a
matter of willpower
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Drug Trafficking
• Drug trafficking
 Manufacturing, distributing, dispensing,
importing, and exporting a controlled or
counterfeit substance
 Also includes sale of drugs
• Most cocaine entering the US originates
in South America
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Drug Trafficking
• Heroin Signature Program (HSP)
 DEA program that identifies the
geographic source of a heroin sample
through the detection of specific
chemical characteristics in the sample
peculiar to the source area
 The majority of heroin in the U.S.
originates in South America
 Other sources include Asia and Mexico
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Pharmaceutical Diversion and
Designer Drugs
• Pharmaceutical diversion
 The process by which legitimately
manufactured controlled substances are
diverted for illicit use
 Occurs through illegal prescribing by
physicians, illegal dispensing by
pharmacists
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pharmaceutical Diversion and
Designer Drugs
• Designer drugs
 New substances designed by slightly
altering the chemical makeup of other
illegal or tightly controlled drugs
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Drugs and Crime
• Drug-defined crime
 a violation of the laws prohibiting or
regulating the possession, use, or
distribution of illegal drugs
• Drug-related crime
 a crime in which drugs contribute to the
offense (excluding violations of drug
laws)
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Drugs and Crime
• Considerable support for the
relationship between drug use and
crime:
 Drug users report greater involvement
in crime and are more likely to have
criminal records
 People with criminal records are more
likely to report being drug users
 Crimes rise in number as drug use
increases
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Narcoterrorism
• Narcoterrorism
 The distribution of a controlled
substance in order to provide something
of pecuniary value to a person or group
that has engaged or is engaging in
terrorist activity
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Social Policy and Drug Abuse
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• Prohibition – 18th and 21st
Amendments
• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act
• 1951 Boggs Act
• 1996 Drug-Induced Rape Prevention
Act
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Recent Legislation
• 1996 Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act
• 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act
• Legalization of personal and medical
use of marijuana
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Drug-Control Strategies
• Anti-drug legislation and strict
enforcement
• Interdiction
• Crop control
• Forfeiture
• Antidrug education and drug treatment
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Prostitution
• Prostitution
 the act of engaging in sexual activity for
money
• Both prostitutes and “johns” can be
charged with the offense of prostitution
• Prostitution is a crime throughout the
U.S. except for parts of Nevada
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Morals Legislation
• The question of whether and to what
extent the criminal law should reflect
and enforce morality is a classic debate
• While most agree that actions that
harm others should be controlled, not
everyone sees sex work, especially
when willingly undertaken, as harmful
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Morals Legislation
• Should the law criminalize what are
personal moral decisions that harm no
one?
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Figure 13-11
Types of Prostitutes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Clients of Prostitutes
• General characteristics
 Age ranged from 18-84 years, median
age 37
 Majority had attended some college
 Less likely to be married
 Motives varied
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Clients of Prostitutes
• About 20% demonstrated acceptance
of 4+ rape myths
 This group may be responsible for
perpetrating violent acts against women
for hire
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Feminist Perspectives on
Prostitution
• Some feminist thinkers argue that
prostitute exploits and demeans
women, and subject them to the
dangers of violence and disease
• Others suggest selling sex need not be
inherently exploitive and may be
liberating
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Feminist Perspectives on
Prostitution
• Four claims characterizing extreme
radical feminist theory
 Prostitution involves male domination
and exploitation of women
 Violence is omnipresent in prostitution
 Female prostitutes lack agency
 Legalization or decriminalization would
only make the situation worse
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Feminist Perspectives on
Prostitution
• Ronald Weitzer criticizes this view
 Says these claims are counterproductive
 Extreme feminists have contributed to a
moral panic over prostitution by linking
it to sex trafficking, especially of
children
 Says many claims of radical feminists
are false
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Legalization and Decriminalization
of Prostitution
• Legalization
 would allow women above a specified
age to offer paid sexual services with
few restrictions
• Decriminalization
 would reduce the penalties associated
with prostitution but would regulate the
practice and may attempt to curtail it
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved